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An understanding of the properties and interactions of the elementary particles is an essential prerequisite of research work in high energy physics. Much progress in the subject has been achieved with the aid of symmetry principles. In this 1980 book the concept of symmetry or invariance is employed as a unifying theme. Using a careful explanation of the mathematical formalism and with many applications to particular cases, the authors introduce the reader to the symmetry schemes which dominate the world of the particle physicist. The presentation will also appeal to mathematicians and physicists in other fields who are interested in the applications of the general principles of symmetry. After a brief survey of the particles and a review of the relevant quantum mechanics, the principal symmetries are studied in turn. Some technical points are relegated to appendices and the book contains extensive references.
In elementary particle physics, there are a number of recognizable underlying symmetries which correctly describe spectacular multiplet structure of observed particles. However, lack of a consistent method to deal with badly broken symmetry has hindered the investigation through symmetry. With this book the authors hope to arouse interest in the approach to broken symmetry from a fresh point of view.The authors argue that spectrum generating symmetries still maintain asymptotic symmetry for physical (not virtual) particles. When combined with the symmetry related equal-time commutation relations which are derivable from fundamental Lagrangian, asymptotic symmetry then demands a close interplay among the masses, mixing parameters and coupling constants of physical particles. From this point of view, we may understand the success of the naive quark model, remarkable mass and mass-mixing angle relations in QCD and electroweak theory and even the presence of dynamical selection rules. The method may also give us a powerful tool for the study of new physics where fundamental Lagrangian is not yet known.
The new edition of this well received primer on rigorous aspects of symmetry breaking presents a more detailed and thorough discussion of the mechanism of symmetry breaking in classical field theory in relation with the Noether theorem. Moreover, the link between symmetry breaking without massless Goldstone bosons in Coulomb systems and in gauge theories is made more explicit. A subject index has been added and a number of misprints have been corrected.
These notes essentially reproduce lectures given at the International School for Advances Studies (Trieste) and at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa) on various occasions. The scope of the short series of lectures was to extend on general grounds, also to mathematicians, the phenomenon of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB), a mechanism which seems at the basis of the recent developments in theoretical physics (from statistical mechanics to many-body theory and to elementary particle theory). Besides its extraordinary success, the idea of SSB deserves being discussed also because of its innovative philosophical content and in our opinion it should be part of the background knowledge for mathematical and theoretical physics students, especially those who are interested in questions of principle and in general mathematical structures.
The conceptofspontaneous symmetry breaking plays a fundamental role in contemporary physics. It is essential for the description of degenerate ground states, massless modes, and topological defects. Examples are abundant in condensed matter physics, atomic and particle physics, as well as in astro physics and cosmology. In fact, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be re garded as a cornerstone ofa whole branch ofphysics which intersects the above mentioned traditionally distinct fields. In the year 2000 the European Science Foundation (ESF) started the Pro gramme "Cosmology in the Laboratory" (COSLAB), with the goal to search for and to develop analogies betweencondensed matterphysics, particle physics, and cosmology. Not surprisingly, spontaneous symmetry breaking is among the most useful notions in that endeavour. It has been decided that in the sec ond year of the Programme a School should be held in order to work out and deliver to a wide audience of students synthetic overviews of achievements and of current research topics of COSLAB. This idea has been supported by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO by including the School in the renowned series of its Advanced Study Institutes. The School, entitled" Patterns of Symmetry Breaking", was held in Cracow during 16-28 September 2002. It gathered 17 lecturers and about 60 students. The present volume contains notes ofmost of the lectures from that School. We hope that of the physics of spon it will convey to the reader the breadth and the beauty taneous symmetry breaking.