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The tendency to reciprocate – to return good for good and evil for evil – is a potent force in human life, and the concept of reciprocity is closely connected to fundamental notions of ‘justice’, ‘obligation’ or ‘duty’, ‘gratitude’ and ‘equality’. In Reciprocity, first published in 1986, Lawrence Becker presents a sustained argument about reciprocity, beginning with the strategy for developing a moral theory of the virtues. He considers the concept of reciprocity in detail, contending that it is a basic virtue that provides the basis for parental authority, obligations to future generations, and obedience to law. Throughout the first two parts of the book, Becker intersperses short pieces of his own narrative fiction to enrich reflection on the philosophical arguments. The final part is devoted to extensive bibliographical essays, ranging over anthropology, psychology, political theory and law, as well as the relevant ethics and political philosophy.
Reciprocity has been critical in the philosophy and social sciences of the 20th century. Over the last seven decades, several countries settled by European powers have become autonomous, and returning has become a challenge. Consequently, writing on reciprocity as a central theme requires time and implies a deep dedication to the community. There is a need to explore the factors and policies behind the study agendas and secret philosophies before and after European involvement. Reciprocity and Its Practice in Social Research aims to open the controlled consciousness of self as a human being and then as a scholar to the community via the methodological lens. It analyzes reciprocity from the Greek tradition to Medeabale Arab to the early colonial or pre-colonial period. It specifically addresses the benefit of social research on the community and seeks ways to revolutionize and improve current research and academic processes. Covering topics such as the philosophy of science, indigenous science, and Western metaphysics, this book is an essential resource for anthropologists, philosophers, sociologists, university faculty and administration, students of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.
The expectation of reciprocity continues to be an important factor when states' consider their legal obligations in armed conflicts. In this monograph, Peeler looks at the text and negotiations around the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions from 1977 to demonstrate the many places where international humanitarian law maintains expectations of reciprocity. This complements an examination of US policy regarding its Prisoner of War obligations in both the Vietnam War and the Global War on Terror, demonstrating how states make use of the expectation of reciprocity found in international humanitarian law to respond to continued non-compliance by an enemy.
Hundreds of online marketing books have been written about search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM) and pay-per-click advertising (PPC), this is the first to elaborate on the most fundamental marketing tactic of all: links and link building. The world's most recognized authority on link building, Eric Ward, clearsThe web today is comprised of trillions of links: links between websites, links within social media venues like Facebook and Twitter, and even links in email inboxes. Who links to a site and how they link to it is one of the most important factors that search engines rely on when ranking results. But how do marketers control this? Link building expert Eric Ward provides the answers.Sharing little-known techniques for link building via social media platforms, blogs, partnerships, public relations, articles, and more, Ward teaches marketers which link-building techniques will maximize the quality links that point to their site, allowing them to charm both search engines and customers and which methods to avoid.This one-of-a-kind guide details a variety of link building tools, tactics, and techniques illustrated by case studies, expert interviews, and resources. Ward leaves no opportunity unexplored, and no link-building questions unanswered.
Rev. ed. of: Handbook of adult development and learning / edited by Carol Hoare. 2006.