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At the end of World War II, the Soviet secret police installed ten special camps in the Soviet occupation zone, later to become the German Democratic Republik. Between 1945 and 1950, roughly 154,000 Germans were held incommunicado in these camps. Whether those accused of being Nazis, spies, or terrorists were indeed guilty as charged, they were indiscriminately imprisoned as security threats and denied due process of the law. One third of the captives did not survive. To this day, most Germans have no knowledge of this postwar Stalinist persecution, even though it exemplifies in a unique way the entangled history of Germans as perpetrators and victims. How can one write the history of victims in a “society of perpetrators?” This is only one of the questions Displaced Terror: History and Perception of Soviet Special Camps in Germany raises in exploring issues in memory culture in contemporary Germany. The study begins with a detailed description of the camp system against the backdrop of Stalinist security policies in a territory undergoing a transition from war zone to occupation zone to Cold War hot spot. The interpretation of the camps as an instrument of pacification rather than of denacification does not ignore the fact that, while actual perpetrators were a minority, the majority of the special camp inmates had at least been supporters of Nazi rule and were now imprisoned under life-threatening conditions together with victims and opponents of the defeated regime. Based on their detention memoirs, the second part of the book offers a closer look at life and death in the camps, focusing on the prisoners' self-organization and the frictions within these coerced communities. The memoirs also play an important role in the third and last part of the study. Read as attempts to establish public acknowledgment of violence suffered by Germans, they mirror German memory culture since the end of World War II.
Though U.S. leaders try to convince the world of their success in fighting al Qaeda, one anonymous member of the U.S. intelligence community would like to inform the public that we are, in fact, losing the war on terror. Further, until U.S. leaders recognize the errant path they have irresponsibly chosen, he says, our enemies will only grow stronger. According to the author, the greatest danger for Americans confronting the Islamist threat is to believe-at the urging of U.S. leaders-that Muslims attack us for what we are and what we think rather than for what we do. Blustering political rhetor.
With the rise of international acts of terrorism there has been a commensurate rise in the level of international cooperation in the suppression of terrorism. This book, originally published in 1985, is a detailed and authoritative study of the background to this cooperation, the ways in which it has developed and the obstacles to its proper implementation. Particular emphasis is placed on a study of the European experience of international cooperation, the Council of Europe Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism being used as a case study.
On 15 October 2007, 300 hundred police officers dressed in full riot gear raided the township of Ruatoki, which lies at the northern end of the Ureweras. At the same time Ruatoki was being locked-down, police raids were taking place in other parts of the country. By the end of the day, 17 people were reported as arrested: 4 in Wellington, 6 in Auckland, 1 in Palmerston North, 1 in Hamilton, and 5 in the Bay of Plenty area. The "global war on terror," launched in the U.S. five years earlier, had finally arrived in New Zealand.
Examines how all four Allied powers interned alleged Nazis without trial in camps only recently liberated from Nazi control.
A devastating expose of U.S. foreign policy which separates the myth of an "international terrorist conspiracy" from the reality.
This is a compassionate, unique and innovative book about addictive behaviour. Who is likely to develop an addictive habit? What draws people to use addictive substances? How do addictive substances serve the user? What are the possible conscious and unconscious reasons behind their use? The author, using vignettes and actual case histories, presents a clear, dense and compelling narrative to offer answers to these and many other questions by expanding upon theories taken from different orientations within psychotherapy, including body psychotherapy. She considers the part that shame and fear can play in addictive behaviour and how it can get acted out in treatment. She identifies building a strong sense of self and the ability to self-soothe as essential for long-term abstinence and presents a clear and convincing case for bodywork and long-term counselling or psychotherapy to be included in treatment so that the recovery process can be completed. This book is useful for anyone in the helping professions who works with or around individuals who present addictive behaviour. It is essential for counsellors and psychotherapists and a must for anyone working in the drug and/or alcohol field.
The most common image of world politics involves states negotiating, cooperating, or sometimes fighting with one another; billiard balls in motion on a global pool table. Yet working through local proxies or agents, through what Eli Berman and David A. Lake call a strategy of "indirect control," has always been a central tool of foreign policy. Understanding how countries motivate local allies to act in sometimes costly ways, and when and how that strategy succeeds, is essential to effective foreign policy in today's world. In this splendid collection, Berman and Lake apply a variant of principal-agent theory in which the alignment of interests or objectives between a powerful state and a local proxy is central. Through analysis of nine detailed cases, Proxy Wars finds that: when principals use rewards and punishments tailored to the agent's domestic politics, proxies typically comply with their wishes; when the threat to the principal or the costs to the agent increase, the principal responds with higher-powered incentives and the proxy responds with greater effort; if interests diverge too much, the principal must either take direct action or admit that indirect control is unworkable. Covering events from Denmark under the Nazis to the Korean War to contemporary Afghanistan, and much in between, the chapters in Proxy Wars engage many disciplines and will suit classes taught in political science, economics, international relations, security studies, and much more.