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Available wind-tunnel data on the low-speed horizontal-tail contribution to the static longitudinal stability of high-speed airplane configurations incorporating unswept and sweptback wings are reviewed and analyzed. The characteristics of the flow behind wings and wing-body combinations are described and related to the downwash at specific tail locations for unseparated flow conditions. The effects of variations of tail position, variations of wing plan form and airfoil section, trailing-edge flaps, stall-control devices, and ground interference on the air-flow characteristics and tail contribution are analyzed and demonstrated. The more favorable tail arrangements are emphasized and their application to specific configurations is illustrated. The analysis of the factors affecting the horizontal-tail contribution is, for the most part, descriptive; however, an attempt has been made to summarize certain data by empirical correlation or theoretical means in a form useful for design.
Wind-tunnel results are presented to show the effect of changes in horizontal-tail location on the low-speed static longitudinal stability and steady-state rotary damping in pitch for a complete model with wing and tail surfaces having the quarter-chord lines swept back 45 degrees.
Wind-tunnel results of the effects of horizontal-tail size and length on the low-speed static longitudinal stability and the steady-state rotary damping in pitch for a complete model with wing and tail surfaces having the quarter-chord lines swept back 45 degrees and aspect ratios of 4 are presented.
The drag due to lift increases with increasing sweep through the Mach number range. Some increase in bag due to lift is evident decrease in taper ratio for wings having 300of sweep through most of the speed range.
An investigation was made to determine the effects of wing position and horizontal tail position on the low speed static longitudinal and static lateral stability characteristics of airplane models having unswept and 45 deg sweptback surfaces. The results indicated that both the unswept and the sweptback low wing low-horizontal-tail configurations were the optimum configurations from the standpoint of longitudinal and lateral stability. The results indicated that, for all wing positions, moving the horizontal tail from the high to the low position resulted in configurations which were longitudinally stable throughout the angle of attack range. For the lateral case, the vertical-tail contribution to the directional stability was increased by moving the wing from the high to the low position because of the favorable sidewash at the vertical tail arising from the wing fuselage interference. The addition of a horizontal tail in the low position produced a further increase in directional stability. The results also indicated that at low angles of attack the effective dihedral due to wing-fuselage interference increased as the wing height was increased - that is, from approximately - 4 deg for the low-wing configuration to 5 deg for the high-wing configuration. This effect could be predicted with fair accuracy by available theory. At low angles of attack, the lateral force on the fuselage was increased because of the end-plate effect when a wing was placed in the high or the low position. However, the lateral force on the fuselage decreased for the low-wing configuration and increased for the high-wing configuration as the angle of attack was increased because of the variation in the distribution of sidewash on the fuselage with angle of attack.