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Major events of human prehistory such as the post-glacial recolonization of Northern Europe and the spread of agriculture through the Mediterranean took place on landscapes that are now, at least partially, underwater. Large parts of this submerged terrain are accessible to divers and can be investigated archaeologically. Prehistoric underwater research has emerged in recent decades as a distinct sub-discipline, developing approaches and methodologies that can be applied in coastal regions worldwide. As a result there is growing awareness of the potential for underwater archaeology to transform our ideas about the course of prehistory. This volume examines existing practice and new developments in the field of submerged prehistoric landscape research. The 25 peer-reviewed contributions from leading authors cover the results of recent research on three continents and the application of methodologies and techniques for site discovery, investigation and interpretation.
This book presents an overview of the exciting new developments in underwater research in North America, ranging from new approaches for discovering submerged sites to an assessment of how these findings challenge the understanding of the North American past. Archaeological sites preserved on the world’s continental shelves are relevant to a wide range of major research questions and their importance increases with the heightened awareness of climate change and rising modern sea levels. Once thought lost forever, these sites survive underwater, preserved from the ravages of modern farming and development. To investigate the submerged landscapes, archaeologists use many of the same technologies developed for discovery of shipwrecks but, couple them with anthropological and environmental models to identify and study the way of life of people residing in these ancient lands. In this book, leading figures associated with submerged site exploration share an emphasis on the conduct and results of underwater research. It will be a fascinating read for advanced students of Archaeology, History and Environmental Studies. This volume was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology.
A scientific synthesis of 50 years of archaeological and palaeolandscape research on the prehistory of the Flevoland Polders, the Netherlands.
Archaeologists have always been concerned with the relationship between the sites they study and the environments in which the sites are found. Since the end of the Pleistocene Era, sea levels have risen at least 120 meters, a factor that has considerable effect on many archaeological sites. Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method discusses the various processes that may affect coastal sites, or inland sites on shallow coastal plains, and presents a variety of methods that have been developed to reconstruct the shoreline at the time the sites were occupied. The focus of the chapters is on processes affecting coastal sites in the Americas, although the methods discussed are applicable to archaeologists worldwide. The book will also guide archaeologists in designing surveys to discover site locations, whether these are now inland or underwater. All archaeologists and students in archaeology and geology will find a tremendous wealth of useful information in this remarkable volume.
Archaeological investigation of Early Middle Palaeolithic flint tools, including hand axes, and faunal remains in the North Sea. This volume also examines submerged and buried landscapes. The methods used to recover artifacts and other remains and to explore these buried landscapes are also described. The results are placed into the context of the British and European Early Middle Palaeolithic.
The nautical dimension of prehistory has not so far received the attention it deserves. It is also too often assumed that early man was land bound, yet this is demonstrably not the case. Recent research has shown that man travelled and tracked over greater distances and at a much earlier date than has previously been thought possible. Some of these facts can be explained only by man's mastery of water transport from earliest times. This book, by an acknowledged expert on prehistoric sea-craft, examines these problems looking at the new archaeological information in the light of the author's nautical knowledge. The result is a detailed account of man's use of inland and ocean-going craft from earliest times until the dawn of recorded history. All forms of evidence are critically assessed, from the vessels of Ancient Egypt to the Chinese junk, to present of comprehensive picture of the vessels men have built through the ages, and of the variety of ways in which they have been used.
This book focuses on issues of method and interpretation in studies of submerged landscapes, concentrating on illustrations and case studies from around Europe with additional examples from other parts of the world. Such landscapes were once exposed as dry land during the low sea levels that prevailed during the glacial periods that occupied most of the past million years and provided extensive new territories for human exploitation. Their study today involves underwater investigation, using techniques and strategies which are clearly set out in these chapters. The underwater landscape provides a rich source of information about the archaeology of human settlement and long-term changes in environment, climate and sea-level. This book highlights how such information can be revealed and interpreted. The examples presented here and the focus on techniques make this book of worldwide relevance. Chapters describe examples of underwater archaeological investigation as well as collaboration with offshore industries and legal, management and training issues relating to underwater cultural heritage. Such studies point to the significance of this drowned landscape, and readers are invited to consider its human impact in terms of past settlement and population dispersal through palaeolandscape reconstruction and interpretation in relation to broader themes in human prehistory. This volume is based on work from COST Action SPLASHCOS, a four-year multi-disciplinary and multi-national research program supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) and has something to benefit all those with an interest in the sea floor of the continental shelf and the archaeological and social impact of sea-level change, including archaeologists, marine scientists, geographers, cultural-heritage managers, commercial and governmental organisations, policy makers and interested members of the public.
Adventure writing at its best, Submerged is the first book on the remarkable story of America's elite underwater archeology team. Daniel Lenihan recounts experiences from his 25 years as founder and head of the award-winning Submerged Cultural Resources Unit (SCRU) team of the U.S. National Park Service, world-class divers - talented archeologists, historians, and photographers charged with the mission of surveying, mapping, investigating, and protecting shipwrecks and sites that constitute America's sunken heritage. In Submerged, Lenihan takes the reader on a kaleidoscope of the team's underwater experiences from 1975 to the present - from Florida caves to ancient ruins covered by reservoirs in the desert southwest; to a WWII Japanese submarine off the Alaskan coast; to the lower rings of hell to retrieve the bodies of drowned divers; to gripping accounts of personal survival in underwater caves, ships, and submerged buildings.Displaying a passion for extreme diving combined with disciplined professionalism as park ranger-archeologists, the SCRU team tackles astonishing, often harrowing assignments, including; The Isle Royale shipwrecks; Surveying ten large ships sunk from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries in the middle of the frigid and deep Lake Superior. The USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor; Executing the largest mapping project ever conducted underwater, and his personal impressions as the first deep diver to explore and video the entire ship in 1983 Excavating the hull of the HL Hunley, the first submarine in history to sink an enemy ship, in Charleston Harbor during the Civil War Resurveying of the ships sunk by atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll, including the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga and Japanese battleship Nagato With an aggressive preservation ethic, the team discovers and documents shipwrecks from Florida to Alaska, and even studies the haunts of pirates and prehistoric cultures in Micronesia.This engaging book, written with a mixture of wonder, intensity, pathos and humor, records for the first time the historic and social significance of the underwater research programs conducted by this fascinating unit of the U.S. National Park Service. Sure to delight anyone interested in diving, archeology, American history, adventure, and rescure missions, this fast-paced volume brings an entirely new perspective to the marvels of America's underwater treasures.