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This book tells the story of the huge addiction treatment industry which flourished in the United States between 1890 and the advent of Prohibition in 1920. The story begins in Russia in 1886, where a number of doctors discovered a relatively effective pharmacological treatment for alcoholism. Although this Russian discovery was published in countless major English language medical journals, it was entirely ignored by the US addiction experts of the day, who eschewed pharmacological treatments, and instead preferred to lock people up in inebriate asylums where they could be subjected to religious coercion. However, an obscure railroad physician and patent medicine salesman named Leslie E. Keeley, who lived in the dusty prairie town of Dwight, Illinois, read about the Russian treatment in a medical journal and decided to give it a try. Much to his surprise, the Russian treatment proved highly effective, and, by 1891, Dr. Keeley was treating upwards of a thousand patents a day at the Keeley Institute in Dwight. Keeley was a salesman and a bit of a Barnum; he always claimed that he had invented the cure himself after decades of painstaking research and he called it the Gold Cure, claiming that his secret ingredient was gold. Of course, there was no gold in the gold cure other than the gold which lined Keeley's pockets. However, the treatment was relatively effective, and by 1893 there were over 100 Keeley Institutes operating in the United States and abroad, and hundreds of copycats were operating imitation gold cure institutes. The Keeley Gold Cure was even adopted by the National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and the US Army. The Keeley treatment took 28 days and required hypodermic injections four times a day for the entire period. On the other hand, the Gatlin Institutes which opened in 1902 and the Neal Institutes which opened in 1909 used a form of aversion treatment and advertised themselves as three-day liquor cures. Competition between the gold cures and the three-day liquor cures in the first two decades of the 20th century was fierce and intense. Then, as the United States entered World War One in 1917, the demand for addiction treatment suddenly dried up for a variety of reasons, and the majority of these proprietary cure institutes had shut down before the enactment of Prohibition in 1920, although the parent Keeley Institute in Dwight remained in operation until 1966. This book contains the never-before-told tale of how these proprietary treatment institutes grew into a huge industry, flourished, then finally faded away as the United States entered World War One. Part One of this book covers the Keeley Institutes, Dipsocura, the Bedal Institutes, the McKanna liquor cure, the Wherrell gold cure, and the Hagey Cure. Part Two of this book covers the Morrell Cure, the National Bichloride of Gold Institutes, the Oppenheimer Institutes, the Tyson Vegetable Cure, the Willow Bark Institutes, the Telfair Sanitarium, the Connelley Cure, the Murray Institutes, the Gatlin Institutes, the Neal Institutes, the S. B. Collins Cure, and the D'Unger Cure. Part Two also contains appendices discussing strychnine, belladonna alkaloids, "jag cure" laws, and more.
The inebriate asylum movement of the 19th and early 20th century was guided by a dystopian vision which sought to incarcerate all drinkers until they were cured, and to incarcerate incurable inebriates for life. This plan to create a nationwide chain of state-run inebriate asylums to rival the insane asylums of the era, which was promoted by the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates, ended in abject failure. Few inebriate asylums were ever established, and those that were established did not last long. Many were shot through with political corruption and graft. Moreover, no state government was willing to pass a law to incarcerate drinkers indefinitely, perhaps for life. Most states never built an inebriate asylum or passed a law to commit inebriates to specialized inebriate institutions, for the few states which did pass such laws, the typical commitment was six months or one year. A rival movement of the same era sought to establish inebriate homes rather than asylums. Inebriate homes were run on the honor system and sought to cure with kindness and a client-centered approach which foreshadows Rogerian Therapy. Inebriate homes had more success than inebriate asylums; the Boston Washingtonian Home was in existence for more than a century. This book tells the story of the government-run and the non-profit addiction treatment facilities which were founded prior to the Repeal of Prohibition in 1933: inebriate asylums, homes, and farms, as well as the municipal narcotic clinics which dispensed morphine to addicts, the Federal Narcotic Farms at Lexington and Fort Worth, and the alcoholic ward at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. This book also discusses the close ties between the temperance movement and addiction treatment in the 19th and early 20th centuries and the automaton theory of inebriety, which presages today's hijacked brain theory. This book also discusses the genesis of the 12-step Minnesota Model at the State Inebriate Farm at Willmar, the introduction and disastrous ending of Synanon-based therapeutic communities at the Lexington Narcotic Farm, and the introduction of methadone programs at Bellevue and at the Boston Washingtonian Hospital. Groundbreaking studies of opiates, marijuana, barbiturates, alcohol, naloxone, and LSD conducted at the Lexington Narcotic Farm are also covered, as is the research at Bellevue Hospital on Korsakoff's Syndrome and the protective effect of vitamin B1.
This is an updated listing of facilities for the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction up to 1950.
Poisons: Their Effects and Detection is a book by Alexander Wynter Blyth. It delves into everything poison related; the history of usage, development and classification of the most commonly known poisons.
Several volumes contain reports of the meetings of the Cavedish Society.