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This paper presents test results for 22 high strength deformed bars and nine mild steel bars subjected to monotonic repeated and reversed axial loading to determine the stress-strain behavior. Equations have been proposed for the stress-strain curves and have been compared with test results. Satisfactory agreement was obtained.
This text provides a review of relevant knowledge in the area of constitutive modelling of concrete steel bonds and their interaction. It discusses the problems encountered in assembling the various elements with the purpose of constructing the model of an element made of reinforced concrete. Whether physically or empirically based, very simple or sophisticated, long-established or brand new, the models presented in this book are produced in as rational a framework as possible, and are accompanied by comments on their advantages and limitations.
Based on the latest version of designing codes both for buildings and bridges (GB50010-2010 and JTG D62-2004), this book starts from steel and concrete materials, whose properties are very important to the mechanical behavior of concrete structural members. Step by step, analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete members under basic loading types (tension, compression, flexure, shearing and torsion) and environmental actions are introduced. The characteristic of the book that distinguishes it from other textbooks on concrete structures is that more emphasis has been laid on the basic theories of reinforced concrete and the application of the basic theories in design of new structures and analysis of existing structures. Examples and problems in each chapter are carefully designed to cover every important knowledge point. As a basic course for undergraduates majoring in civil engineering, this course is different from either the previously learnt mechanics courses or the design courses to be learnt. Compared with mechanics courses, the basic theories of reinforced concrete structures cannot be solely derived by theoretical analysis. And compared with design courses, this course emphasizes the introduction of basic theories rather than simply being a translation of design specifications. The book will focus on both the theoretical derivations and the engineering practices.
Reflecting the historic first European seismic code, this professional book focuses on seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings, with thorough reference to, and application of, EN-Eurocode 8. Following the publication of EN-Eurocode 8 in 2004-05, 30 countries are now introducing this European standard for seismic design, for application in parallel with existing national standards (till March 2010) and exclusively after that. Eurocode 8 is also expected to influence standards in countries outside Europe, or at the least, to be applied there for important facilities. Owing to the increasing awareness of the threat posed by existing buildings substandard and deficient buildings and the lack of national or international standards for assessment and retrofitting, its impact in that field is expected to be major. Written by the lead person in the development of the EN-Eurocode 8, the present handbook explains the principles and rationale of seismic design according to modern codes and provides thorough guidance for the conceptual seismic design of concrete buildings and their foundations. It examines the experimental behaviour of concrete members under cyclic loading and modelling for design and analysis purposes; it develops the essentials of linear or nonlinear seismic analysis for the purposes of design, assessment and retrofitting (especially using Eurocode 8); and gives detailed guidance for modelling concrete buildings at the member and at the system level. Moreover, readers gain access to overviews of provisions of Eurocode 8, plus an understanding for them on the basis of the simple models of the element behaviour presented in the book. Also examined are the modern trends in performance- and displacement-based seismic assessment of existing buildings, comparing the relevant provisions of Eurocode 8 with those of new US prestandards, and details of the most common and popular seismic retrofitting techniques for concrete buildings and guidance for retrofitting strategies at the system level. Comprehensive walk-through examples of detailed design elucidate the application of Eurocode 8 to common situations in practical design. Examples and case studies of seismic assessment and retrofitting of a few real buildings are also presented. From the reviews: "This is a massive book that has no equal in the published literature, as far as the reviewer knows. It is dense and comprehensive and leaves nothing to chance. It is certainly taxing on the reader and the potential user, but without it, use of Eurocode 8 will be that much more difficult. In short, this is a must-read book for researchers and practitioners in Europe, and of use to readers outside of Europe too. This book will remain an indispensable backup to Eurocode 8 and its existing Designers’ Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5 (published in 2005), for many years to come. Congratulations to the author for a very well planned scope and contents, and for a flawless execution of the plan". AMR S. ELNASHAI "The book is an impressive source of information to understand the response of reinforced concrete buildings under seismic loads with the ultimate goal of presenting and explaining the state of the art of seismic design. Underlying the contents of the book is the in-depth knowledge of the author in this field and in particular his extremely important contribution to the development of the European Design Standard EN 1998 - Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. However, although Eurocode 8 is at the core of the book, many comparisons are made to other design practices, namely from the US and from Japan, thus enriching the contents and interest of the book". EDUARDO C. CARVALHO
This research evaluated the predictability of the fatigue behavior of modern and historic grade 40 reinforcement when subjected to different strain histories and to characterize differences observed. While several previous studies have investigated the low-cycle fatigue behavior of grade 40 reinforcing steel using constant amplitude cycles with zero mean strain, existing research was minimal for tests with variable amplitude loading and strain histories with positive mean strain that would be characteristic of the strain history for reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic loads. First, sixteen constant amplitude cyclic tests were conducted to calibrate the parameters of the Koh-Stephens fatigue relationship. The calibrated M and n parameters were calculated to be 0.15 and -0.38 for the modern grade 40 reinforcement, respectively, and 0.07 and -0.45 for the historic grade 40 reinforcement, respectively. Then, twelve variable amplitude cyclic tests were conducted. The damage accumulated over the variable amplitude strain history was tracked using the Miner rule to predict fatigue fracture. Results showed high variability, with coefficient of variations above 0.25 for almost all specimen sets, and high sensitivity to model parameters. Electron backscatter diffraction scans were taken of both the modern and historic grade 40 reinforcement to determine if differences in metallurgy could explain the variability. The electron scans determined that the historic reinforcement, recovered through demolition of 70-year-old in-service bridges, had greater previous strain deformation than the modern virgin-steel bars. It was also found that the grain size of the virgin steel bars was more consistent than the historic bars. These two findings together help explain some of the high variability in the testing data. In conclusion, this study determined that modern reinforcement likely has between 50% and 100% more elongation at fracture and greater cyclic fatigue life than historic bars. This should be considered when evaluating older in-service bridges for retrofit and comparing retrofit strategies using modern experimental tests, as the reinforcement in modern tests likely has greater fatigue life. Additionally, the study identified additional research questions aimed at increasing the predictability of fatigue fracture of reinforcement subjected to variable strain histories generated from earthquake ground motions.