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Ever closer links have been forged between caring for nature on the one hand and human activities on the other. In recent years there has been a shift from an interest in reserve-based nature, which excluded man and human activities, to an increasingly powerful nature-culture relationship. Nature protection became nature conservation and then nature development with the integration of socio-economic and cultural aspects. Within the framework of the setting-up of the Pan-European Ecological Network, these sociological aspects have a great importance for establishing an ecological network where the scientific aspects of biodiversity protection must co-exist with nature management and development.
This report discusses the problems involved in developing an environmental suitability model to manage three large carnivore populations in the Alpine region, for the bear, the lynx and the wolf. The aim is to identify sensitive areas, both in terms of areas particularly suitable for the survival of the species and those which represent broad unsuitable patches) and connecting corridors. It is based on the results obtained by the 'Large Carnivores Conservation Areas in Europe' (LCCA) project developed by the Istituto di Ecologia Applicata (IEA) of Rome.
The species Margaritifera margaritifera still lives in the rivers of many European states, where its presence is always linked to excellent water quality. Margaritifera auricularia was thought to be extinct during many years, but populations were discovered in the Ebro river (Spain) and in the Loire basin (France) , where they are critically endangered. Action Plans are presented for both species.
On title page: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife & Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). About endangered species
The Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy, which was endorsed by ministers from 54 countries in the UN-ECE region on 25 October 1995, provides for the establishment by 2005 of the Pan-European Ecological Network. These Guidelines provide a reference document for all those involved in establishing and managing the network. The document aims to provide a coherent framework for guiding an array of co-operative, decentralised measures which aim to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystems, habitats, species and landscapes of European importance.
The introduction of alien species can upset ecosystems and have been identified as the second main cause of species extinction at a global level after habitat loss or deterioration. This publication sets out a European strategy to address this issue, developed in the framework of the Bern Convention and in line with guidelines adopted in 2002 on biological diversity. This strategy seeks to encourage the implementation of co-ordinated measures in all European states which are designed to prevent or minimise adverse impacts of non-native species on native biological diversity.
The Lynx was reintroduced in Switzerland in 1971 and has since increased its population to cover a substantial part of the Alps. The re-introduction was followed by a monitoring programme that has shown that the species still faces some challenges for its survival in the region. The Pan-Alpine Conservation Strategy for the Lynx (PACS) presented in this document states that no Alpine country can host a viable lynx population in isolation as all regional populations will be transboundary, and notes that international co-operation is essential for the conservation of shared populations, and even more to solve the mutual problems. The Strategy was endorsed by the Standing Committee to the Bern Convention in 2001.