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In 1943, Lebanon gained its formal political independence from France; only after two more decades did the country finally establish a national central bank. Inaugurated on April 1, 1964, the Banque du Liban (BDL) was billed by Lebanese authorities as the nation's primary symbol of economic sovereignty and as the last step towards full independence. In the local press, it was described as a means of projecting state power and enhancing national pride. Yet the history of its founding—stretching from its Ottoman origins in mid-nineteenth century up until the mid-twentieth—tells a different, more complex story. Banking on the State reveals how the financial foundations of Lebanon were shaped by the history of the standardization of economic practices and financial regimes within the decolonizing world. The system of central banking that emerged was the product of a complex interaction of war, economic policies, international financial regimes, post-colonial state-building, global currents of technocratic knowledge, and private business interests. It served rather than challenged the interests of an oligarchy of local bankers. As Hicham Safieddine shows, the set of arrangements that governed the central bank thus was dictated by dynamics of political power and financial profit more than market forces, national interest or economic sovereignty.
Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.
Examines the different state banking systems in the U.S. from 1790 through 1860.
Master's Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, University of Carthage (Faculty of Legal, Political and Social Sciences), course: Common Law, language: English, abstract: This master's thesis explains the dual banking system in the USA. The experience of a national bank similar to the British bank was the first step in the creation of the dual banking system in the United States of America, this latter system was enforced through history. The government felt the need to a national bank ―The First National Bank - because of some debt from a Revolutionary War, and due to the diversity of currency forms. Up to the time of the bank's charter, coins and bills were issued by state banks. Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the Bank of the First United States was chartered for twenty years in 1791 to serve as a repository for federal funds and as the government‘s fiscal agent. The creation of a national bank seemed unconstitutional at that time for many members of the congress. They argued that such an institution would be implementing a monetary monopoly within the United States especially that one of the reasons of this creation is to unify the currency, which means that the National Bank will be the only authorized party that can issue money notes. As a private institution, shares were sold to private parties, and after few years of the creation of the bank, 70 percent of the shares were owned by foreigners. This fact was not strange to the American financial system, but politicians had worries about it. Thus, in 1811 after 20 years of the first charter, the re-chartering process failed and did not pass in the congress. The second relevant fact that enforced the dual banking system was the two national banking acts in 1863 and in 1864, The National Bank Acts were two United States federal laws that established a system of national charters for banks, the United States national banks.
Germany's Sparkassen are publicly held savings banks. No other advanced industrial economy relies as heavily on such small, publicly-owned financial institutions to fuel its economy. Mark Cassell explores the unique entity that is the German public banking system and the lessons it offers to banking systems worldwide.