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The epoch from the eighth century B.C.E. up to the exile is marked by a great transformation in the society of ancient Judah, as reflected especially in the texts of the pre-exilic prophets. A relatively egalitarian society transforms into a class society, wherein a class of wealthy landowners is opposed to a growing class of impoverished farmers. The main factor in this development is the indebtedness of the farmers. All the forces of society and state are afflicted by this transformation. This book endeavours to describe this transformation as precisely as possible, by examining the prophetical texts , and other biblical and epigraphical materials. Unlike the theories of "annuity capitalism" or "antique development" the work especially stresses the role of the state and its organs in this transformation. Die Zeit vom 8. Jahrhundert bis zum Exil ist die Zeit eines gewaltigen gesellschaftlichen Umbruchs im antiken Juda, wie er sich vor allem in den Texten der vorexilischen Propheten widerspiegelt. Eine relativ egalitäre Gesellschaft transformiert sich in eine Klassengesellschaft, bei der wenige Grundbesitzer einer größer werdenden Klasse verarmter Bauern gegenüberstehen. Von diesem Umbruch, dessen Hauptfaktor die Überschuldung der kleinen Bauern ist, werden alle Kräfte der Gesellschaft und des Staates erfaßt. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, anhand der einschlägigen prophetischen Texte, des übrigen biblischen sowie des epigraphischen Materials diesen Umbruch möglichst umfassend zu beschreiben. Anders als bei den gegenwärtig vertretenen Theorien des "Rentenkapitalismus" und der "antiken Entwicklung" wird dabei besonderes Gewicht auf die Rolle des Staates und seiner Organe bei der gesellschaftlichen Umwälzung gelegt. Das Buch wendet sich an Exegeten, die auf dem Feld der Sozialgeschichte Israels, der vorexilischen Prophetie und der althebräischen Epigraphik arbeiten.
Ce volume est Ia suite de S. P. Brock, C.T. Fritsch et S. Jellicoe, A Classified Bibliography of the Septuagint (Brill, Leiden 1973) pour les publications parues sur la Septante entre 1970 et 1993. Cette bibliographie regroupe d'abord les études sur le texte grec proprement dit- éditions, langue des traducteurs, techniques de traduction, critique textuelle, manuscrits de Ia Septante trouvés à Qumrân, réception dans le judaïsme hellénistique (Philon, Flavius Josèphe) et le christianisme ancien (Nouveau Testament et Pères). Viennent ensuite les études particulières, classées par livre biblique, suivies des études sur les versions, orientales et latines, issues de la Septante. Le volume s'achève sur les travaux consacrés aux illustrations de la Septante. Cet instrument de travail s'adresse à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la Bible, au judaïsme et au christianisme de l'Antiquité. This volume is a successor to A Classified Bibliography of the Septuagint (Brill, Leiden 1973), by S.P. Brock, C.T. Fritsch and S. Jellicoe, for the literature on the Septuagint published between 1970 and 1993. It includes general publications on the Greek text — editions, language, translators' techniques, textual criticism, Septuagint manuscripts from Qumran and the use of the Septuagint in Ancient Judaism (Philon, Josephus) and Christianity (New Testament and Patristica). Particular studies are then classified by the individual books of the Bible, followed by literature on Oriental and Latin versions derived from the Septuagint. The studies on the illustrations of the Septuagint are included at the end. This reference tool will be indispensable for scholars or students interested in Bible, Judaism and Christianity in Late Antiquity.
This book examines the way in which the story of the flood in Genesis 6-9 presents the ethical question of the value of human life. The sources J and P are examined to see how their combination in the canonical text enhances interpretation. Several themes of the story are studied including the causes of the flood, the righteousness of Noah, God's repentance, creation and uncreation, the covenant and the image of God. The work concludes by arguing that the value of human life is found in man's relation to God (Gen. 9:6).
This monograph deals with an important but unexplored document of Hellenistic Judaism. The question of "Hellenistic influence" is addressed on the basis of an analysis of a representative number of chapters of Septuagint Proverbs (1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 24, 29, 30 and 31). Scholars have argued that this book was influenced extensively by Greek philosophy. The author follows a contextual cultural method. The Greek text is analysed on four levels: the semantic, syntactical, stylistic (which represents the translation technique of the translator), and finally the "theological" level. This study represents the first exhaustive analysis of the theme. The conclusion is that the impact of Stoicism on this Greek version has been overestimated in the past. Novel views are also formulated concerning the role of the law in LXX Proverbs, its historical setting and its text-critical value.
This volume of thirty articles covering a wide range of subjects related to Old Testament study is written by colleagues, friends and students of A. Graeme Auld to honour the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday.
This book is published as a Festschrift on the occasion of the 70th birthday of professor Eduard Nielsen (Copenhagen). In accordance with the main themes of Eduard Nielsen's scholarly works the articles concentrate on the history of early Israel, i.e. Israel before the classical prophets in the 8th century B.C., and on literary traditions referring to this phase of Israelite history. The articles are concerned with topics in the Books of the Pentateuch, with the epoch of King David, as well as with archaeology, Canaanite traditions etc. Eduard Nielsen's bibliography is included at the end of the book.
The period of Assyrian domination over Israel and Judah (ca. 750–650 B.C.E.) can be reconstructed with reasonable accuracy. For example, both biblical and extrabiblical records indicate that the northern kingdom (Israel) came to an end in 722 with the fall of Samaria, while several decades later Jerusalem, capital of the southern kingdom (Judah), narrowly escaped being taken by Sennacherib. The first half of the seventh century was dominated by Manasseh in Judah, who not only served his overlords the Assyrians but also practiced a bloody form of despotism. With regard to biblical literature, the eighth century was the period of Israel’s first great literary prophets: Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah. Other important texts, such as the Book of the Covenant, the early stories about the kings, the early forms of the patriarchal narratives in Genesis, and collections of proverbs, were either created or underwent profound editorial shaping during this time. This volume surveys the history of this formative period and presents a critical study of the biblical literature that originated within this historical context, as well as theological conclusions that readers may draw from these texts.
The present book deals with the so-called “pre-classical” prophecy in the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It becomes evident that the introduction of kingship in the early period of prophecy marks the beginning of a consideration of social situations. The prophet is placed over the king and stylized as the actual saviour figure. This development is examined along with the extensive prophetic traditions of Samuel, Elijah and Elisha. The texts are first analyzed from a diachronic standpoint to determine pre-deuteronomistic text components. These texts are then linked to their historical context and examined with respect to their medium and historicity. This book throws new light on the social and socio-structural importance of prophecy in this early period.
On the Origins of Judaism examines the formation of one of the oldest monotheistic religions. The book covers a diverse range of themes: the identity of those who produced and canonized the Hebrew Bible and subsequently shaped its interpretation; the significance and impact of Second Isaiah and the books of Ezra and Nehemiah; the roots of Jewish apocalyptic literature, and the possible origins of the Exodus story; the ethical systems of the Hebrew Bible and the Athenian tragedians; and the place of food and drink in the Qumran community. On the Origins of Judaism is the most comprehensive exploration of the roots of the Jewish faith and will be invaluable to students and scholars of biblical and religious studies.
This volume deals with the question of the "deuteronomistic history" in the Old Testament and attempts to demonstrate that such a uniform history never existed; the books of Deuteronomy - 2 Kings do not contain such a history. The first part of the book shows that there is no homogenous conceptual framework in the deuteronomistic historical books. For example, different concepts of sin and punishment are found. Even the destruction of Judah and Jerusalem does not represent a "Leitmotiv" of divine punishment. The second part of the book deals with problems relating to the various deuteronomistic redactions in the historical books of the Old Testament. In this book the author introduces new perspectives in the discussion of a central problem of Old Testament scholarship.