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This Volume collects all the dissemination contributions presented at the Christmas Workshop devoted to chemometric analysis for the processing of experimental data, with particular reference to spectroscopic imaging. The training objective was achieved and all the participants were provided with the necessary technical supports and software needed to follow the lessons and demonstration exercises held by expert teachers in multivariate analysis. The lectures addressed the topic of caring and preserving environmental and cultural heritages, highlighting the importance of diagnostics, the use of integrated and innovative techniques, and advanced statistic for data interpretation. Overall, the Volume is the results of the synergistic cooperation between different disciplines, too surreptitiously classified into humanities and technical-scientific.
Spectroscopy, Diffraction and Tomography in Art and Heritage Science gives an overview of the main spectroscopy and diffraction techniques currently available for cultural heritage research. It starts with an introductory, general discussion of spectroscopy and diffraction and the kinds of information they can give. Further sections deal with, respectively, typical laboratory methods, mobile equipment, and large-scale instruments and infrastructural methods. The work concludes with comments on combining and comparing multiple techniques, sources of error, and limitations of the analytical methods. Explains spectroscopy and diffraction techniques in detail, yet remains accessible to those without a chemistry or physics background Provides explanations of commonly used terms, such as destructive, non-destructive, non-invasive, in-situ, and ex-situ, and their sometimes-misleading origins Includes real-world examples that demonstrate how each technique is used in the field Highlights the complementary use of different analytical techniques in fully interpreting the data
Illustrates how the chemical and physical analysis of art and cultural heritage materials is a perfect model of collaboration with museum curators, with historians, with students, with religious scholars, and anthropologists.
Archaeological materials science or archaeometry is the scientific study of material culture, which plays an important role in the development and interpretation of archaeological theory by establishing links between an object's materiality and its societal context. Driven by the complex nature of archaeological materials and the necessity to improve analysis, interpretation, and access of material culture and scientific research in the field, in the last decade there has been a significant advancement in instrumentation development for rapid, non-invasive and high-specificity materials characterization. To this end, imaging spectroscopy and portable chemical sensing modalities have played a revolutionary role in the identification and chemical mapping of constituent materials in ancient and historical wall paintings and other immovable artifacts. In this research, different imaging and spectroscopic modalities are explored: direct-detection terahertz (THz) imaging, hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy (HSI), and high-resolution scanning reflectance spectroscopy. First, a novel direct-detection THz imaging system, adopted from biomedical imaging applications, was used to probe hierarchically-complex painting targets for sub-surface imaging of hidden decorative features and structural defects that are difficult to discern by X-ray and infrared imaging techniques. The imaging system's deep signal penetration depth and high contrast sensitivity can successfully penetrate overlaying layers of strong signal scatterers such as lead white and chalk and to identify internal voids, hidden text, and topographic details of concealed iconography, which has important implications for future applications of this system on the study of wall paintings covered by whitewash or plaster layer(s). Investigations of two different collections of painted artifacts were performed using novel imaging spectroscopy applications, supplemented by forensic photography and portable chemical sensing modalities, fiber-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy: (1) Cypriot wall paintings, and (2) Greco-Roman funerary portraits from Egypt. A comprehensive in situ characterization of Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Cypriot wall paintings in the region of Paphos, Cyprus was achieved for the first time, applying a non-invasive multi-scale approach, employing a commercial hyperspectral imaging (HSI) camera operated in reflectance and luminescence modes and a custom-made high-resolution scanning reflectance spectroscopy system developed and adapted for field research. The HSI and the scanning reflectance spectroscopy system offered complementary, powerful high-spectral and spatial resolution 3D data cubes to reconstruct the palette of Cypriot painters. From an archaeological materials science perspective, the characterization and mapping of pigments through derivative spectral analysis provided important information on pigment layering and mixtures used to produce complex hues and special optical effects, such as shading and translucency. Combined with FORS and XRF, these techniques offered fast, in-depth studies of large painted surfaces, inferring material and artistic choices and the chaine operatoire of production technology. Similarly, the analysis of funerary portraits of ancient Egypt (first to fourth century AD) identified technological choices, materials selection and application methodology, revealing the vogue of Greco-Roman society. From a materials engineering perspective, the study of these paintings lead to adaptations and development of novel methods of analysis: luminescence imaging spectroscopy was for the first time employed to collect and map luminescence signatures of Egyptian blue and madder lake, two of the most important synthetic pigments of antiquity, over painting surfaces; and the success of forensic and spectral imaging in producing luminescence/chemical maps across 2D surfaces led to the development of a streamlined, accessible methodology to construct luminescence-textured 3D models for new visualizations and analyses of high-relief/3D polychrome artifacts that feature photoluminescent pigments and conservation materials.
Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History highlights the important contributions Raman spectroscopy makes as a non-destructive method for characterising the chemical composition and structure and in determining the provenance and authenticity of objects of archaeological and historical importance. It brings together studies from diverse areas and represents the first dedicated work on the use of this technique in this increasingly important field. Coverage includes: An Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy, including practical aspects of Raman spectroscopy and complementary techniques; Dyes and Pigments; Artefacts; Biological Materials and Degradation; Jewellery and Precious Stones. The book contains a broad selection of real-world examples in the form of case studies to provide the reader with a true appreciation of the procedures that need to be invoked to derive spectroscopic information from some of the most challenging specimens and systems. Colour illustrations of objects of investigation and a database of 72 Raman spectra of relevant minerals are included. With its extensive examples, Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History will be of particular interest to specialists in the field, including researchers and scientific/conservation staff in museums. Academics will find it an invaluable reference to the use of Raman spectroscopy.
Chemical Analysis provides non invasive and micro-analytical techniques for the investigation of cultural heritage materials. The tools and techniques, discussed by experts in the field, are of universal, sensitive and multi-component nature.
Scientists and engineers have long relied on the power of imaging techniques to help see objects invisible to the naked eye, and thus, to advance scientific knowledge. These experts are constantly pushing the limits of technology in pursuit of chemical imagingâ€"the ability to visualize molecular structures and chemical composition in time and space as actual events unfoldâ€"from the smallest dimension of a biological system to the widest expanse of a distant galaxy. Chemical imaging has a variety of applications for almost every facet of our daily lives, ranging from medical diagnosis and treatment to the study and design of material properties in new products. In addition to highlighting advances in chemical imaging that could have the greatest impact on critical problems in science and technology, Visualizing Chemistry reviews the current state of chemical imaging technology, identifies promising future developments and their applications, and suggests a research and educational agenda to enable breakthrough improvements.
This book will introduce the reader to the wide variety of analytical techniques that are employed by those working on the conservation of materials. An introduction to each technique is provided with explanations of how data may be obtained and interpreted. Examples and case studies will be included to illustrate how each technique is used in practice. The fields studied include: inorganic materials, polymers, biomaterials and metals. Clear examples of data analysis feature, designed to assist the reader in their choice of analytical method.
This book provides knowledge of the basic theory, spectral analysis methods, chemometrics, instrumentation, and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy—not as a handbook but rather as a sourcebook of NIR spectroscopy. Thus, some emphasis is placed on the description of basic knowledge that is important in learning and using NIR spectroscopy. The book also deals with applications for a variety of research fields that are very useful for a wide range of readers from graduate students to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry. For readers who are novices in NIR spectroscopy, this book provides a good introduction, and for those who already are familiar with the field it affords an excellent means of strengthening their knowledge about NIR spectroscopy and keeping abreast of recent developments.
Offers an overview of the analysis of art and archaeological materials using techniques based on mass spectrometry Illustrates basic principles, procedures and applications of mass spectrometric techniques. Fills a gap in the field of application on destructive methods in the analysis of museum objects Edited by a world-wide respected specialists with extensive experience of the GC/MS analysis of art objects Such a handbook has been long-awaited by scientists, restorers and other experts in the analysis of art objects