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As Mr Petersen points out in this study, since the war there has been a very strong belief in the Netherlands that emigration is necessary. Even those who never before occupied themselves with these matters now speak of the large natural increase, the overpopulation, and the lack of opportunities in the Netherlands. Thousands are considering the possibility of leaving their home land and creating a new existence for themselves overseas. It is a mistake to suppose, however, that these ideas stem from the special demographic and economic conditions that arose in the Netherlands since the war; the opposite is the case. From this point of view, there has never been less reason for emigrating during the past decades than in these postwar years. As far as the demographic situation is concerned, by 1930 the natural increase had decreased markedly as compared with the preceding decades, so that the number of young persons entering the labor market after the war has been relatively small. On the other hand, there have been more openings in industry and in other sectors of the economy than ever before, so that unemploy ment pretty much disappeared. Only in 1951 did it again become at all significant.
Australia is one of the most ethnically diverse societies in the world today. From its ancient indigenous origins to British colonisation followed by waves of European then international migration in the twentieth century, the island continent is home to people from all over the globe. Each new wave of settlers has had a profound impact on Australian society and culture. The Australian People documents the dramatic history of Australian settlement and describes the rich ethnic and cultural inheritance of the nation through the contributions of its people. It is one of the largest reference works of its kind, with approximately 250 expert contributors and almost one million words. Illustrated in colour and black and white, the book is both a comprehensive encyclopedia and a survey of the controversial debates about citizenship and multiculturalism now that Australia has attained the centenary of its federation.
The debate over America's multiculturalism has been intense for nearly three decades, dividing opponents into those insisting on such recognition and those fearing that such a formal acknowledgment will undermine the civic bonds created by a heterogeneous nation. Facts have often been the victim in this dispute, and few works have successfully attempted to present the broad spectrum of America's ethnic groups in a format that is readable, current, and authoritative. The chapters in this reference book demonstrate that America has been far more than a nation of immigrants; it has been a nation of peoples—of virtually all races, religions, and nationalities—inclusive of indigenous natives and peoples long present as well as myriad immigrant and refugee groups. Not all groups have equally found America to be a land of opportunity, and the successes of some groups have come at the expense of others. To understand the American experience, the reader must not just study the story of immigrants living on the East Coast, but also the history of those living in the South, Southwest, West, and even Alaska and Hawaii. As a reference book, this volume provides thorough coverage of more than two dozen racial, ethnic, and religious groups in the United States. Each chapter is written by an expert contributor and overviews the experiences of one group or a cluster of related groups. The chapters are arranged alphabetically and cover groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Filipinos, Hawaiians, Mexicans, Mormons, and Puerto Ricans. To the extent possible, each chapter discusses the initial arrival of the group in America; the adaptation of the first generation of immigrants; the economic, political, and cultural integration of the group; and the status of the group in contemporary American society. Each chapter closes with a bibliographical essay, and the volume concludes with a review of the most important general works on America's multicultural heritage.
Much has been written about Netherlands emigration since the Second World War. In the course of years opinions on the subject have been advanced by the Government, by political and religious groups, by employers' and workers' organizations and by represent atives of the sodal sdences. As times and drcumstances changed, certain of these opinions also changed. Befjer remarks in this connec tion : "Opinions as to whether or not it is a good thing to emigrate are divided and are strongly influenced by the good and bad trend of affairs in the political, sodal and economic fields, apart from subjective influences which contribute in considerable measure to the formation of such opinions. "l Thanks to a number of sdentific studies, actual knowledge of the emigration phenomenon in the Netherlands soon after the war gradually increased. But in various quarters stereotyped conceptions, rooted in the prevailing cultural systems, had taken hold round this process. Hence it could not be expected to move aside immediately to make room for the cautiously fotmulated discoveries of sodal research. Among the great merits 2 of Haveman is the fact that not only did he inspire and stimulate this research, he also lost no time in making full use of the results 3 thereof during his period of office.
Die demographische Prognose ist durch vereinte Bemiihungen der intemationalen Wissenschaft wahrenddesletzten Vierteljahr hunderts, ausgehend von England und von Deutschland, zum ge sicherten Bestand unserer Einsicht geworden. Auf begrenzte Zeit, mit gebotener Bescheidung vermogen wir vorauszusehen, welche Veranderungen der Menge und der Schichtung in einem generativen Ganzen aus eigener Kraft erwartet werden diirfen. Die Moglichkeit zu dieser Erhellung unserer Zukunft beruht zuletzt darauf, daB jedes Gattungsleben - auch das geschichtliche des Menschen - wie seine Vergangenheit als Pragung und Bestim mung, so seine Zukunft als Anlage und Ansatz in sich beschlieBt. Aus der geschichtlichen Bewegung, die als unser Dasein gegen wartig ist, folgen die Moglichkeiten der Voraussicht. Nicht als ob die Wissenschaft damit am Zie1e ware. So ist die wissenschaftliche Gewinnung von Neuland nie beschaffen. Es bleiben Fragen der Methode - besondere und allgemeine; es bleiben Fragen nach den eigenen Voraussetzungen, nach dem Sinn der Annahmen, nach der Tragweite der Aussagen; es bleiben Fragen nach den gebotenen und zulassigen Grenzen der Giiltig keit, Fragen der Selbstbeschrankung und des AugenmaBes. Aber der Grundsatz ist unanfechtbar und wissenschaftlich vergewis sert, daB demographische Prognose moglich sei.
This new volume of original essays focuses on the presence of European ethnic culture in American society since 1830. Among the topics explored in Immigrant America are the alienation and assimilation of immigrants; the immigrant home and family as a haven of ethnicity; religion, education and employment as agents of acculturation; and the contours of ethnic community in American society.