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The author recommends that Canada continue to participate in UN peacekeeping operations as they remain consistent with Canadian foreign policy interests in the post-Cold War world. However, in order to reconcile future demand with increasingly limited resources, Canada should expand its capacity to deploy smaller military and/or civilian formations with specialized capabilities to fill niche roles within UN missions when regular formed units are unavailable for expeditionary duties.
This study examines the issues of peacekeeping, racism, and accountability in relation to the Canadian Forces experience in Somalia. The issues are first addressed from a theoretical perspective, including peacekeeping in the historical and Canadian contexts, racial-ethnic prejudice, racism in the military, who should be accountable, and what should be accounted for. The issues are then discussed in the context of the actual mission to Somalia, divided in three phases: pre-deployment, including selection and screening, training, and hazing rituals; in-theatre operations, including racial prejudice, use of force, and rules of engagement; and post-deployment, in which accountability issues are examined in more detail. A separate chapter studies the role of the Canadian Airborne Regiment and its mission. Recommendations are made regarding training for peacekeeping, developing policies against racial discrimination, and increasing accountability.
From its earliest moments the operation went awry. The soldiers, with some notable exceptions, did their best. But ill-prepared and rudderless, they fell inevitably into the mire that became the Somalia debacle. As a result, a proud legacy was dishonoured. This document presents the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia. It precisely focuses on the lessons of the Somalia Affair.
This study proceeds from the proposition that the deployment of Canadian Forces in Somalia and the events that occurred there have something to tell Canadians about the nature of the policy choices facing the federal government in sustaining effective and relevant armed forces in the 1990s and beyond. The study focus is on developments in the domestic and international environment which are affecting the demands for, and on, the armed forces of the industrialized democracies; the experience in employing armed forces in the new environment; and on the lessons being learned and issues for policy. Study themes relate specifically to peace and stability operations, their place in the strategic scheme, their dynamics, significance, and implications. The study begins by reviewing changed international strategic conditions following the Cold War era and the experience of Canada and other democracies in responding to the new conditions. Lessons learned and policy issues are then discussed, and a chapter on the home front aims to identify societal changes and developments in national attitudes, policies, and legislation germane to raising, organizing, and deploying armed forces and to maintaining both military effectiveness in the new conditions and understanding and support for defence. The final chapter reviews and assesses lessons learned from new peacekeeping operations and from the Somalia experience, suggesting areas and issues for further study.
The concept of UN peacekeeping has had to evolve and change to meet the challenges of contemporary sources of conflict; consequently, peacekeeping operations have grown rapidly in number and complexity. This book examines a number of issues associated with contemporary multinational peace operations, and seeks to provide insights into the problems that arise in establishing and deploying such forces to meet the challenges of current conflicts. The focus of the book is three case studies (Lebanon, Somalia and Kosovo), involving a comparative analysis of the traditional peacekeeping in Lebanon, the more robust peace enforcement mission in Somalia, and the international administration undertaken on behalf of the international community in Kosovo. The book analyses the lessons that may be learned from these operations in terms of mandates, command and control, use of force and the relevance of international humanitarian and human rights law to such operations.
Peace operations entail a special form of co-operation between nation-states and international organization, but tend to be most difficult for the soldiers, police and civilian officials on the ground. This volume highlights the latter role with case studies of Srebrenica and Somalia.
Results of the Department of National Defence (DND) and the Canadian Forces (CF)'s analysis of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces in Somalia's report and recommendations.
The March 1993 beating to death of a young Somali in Canadian Airborne Regiment custody led to establishment of an independent inquiry into the conduct of the Canadian Forces peacekeeping mission to Somalia, December 1992 to June 1993. This report details the background and conduct of the inquiry and presents its findings. Matters examined included the chain of command system in the Canadian Forces, leadership, discipline, operations, and actions and decisions of the Canadian Forces and the Dept. of National Defence in respect of the Somalia operation; and specific matters relating to pre-deployment, in-theatre, and post-theatre phases of the operation, such as the suitability and operational readiness of the Canadian Airborne Regiment for the peacekeeping operation, the composition and organization of the Somalia task force, the effect of cultural differences on the conduct of operations, attitudes of all ranks toward conduct of operations, and the manner in which the task force conducted its mission and tasks in theatre and responses to the operational, disciplinary, and administrative problems encountered, including allegations of cover-up and destruction of evidence. Volume 1 reviews the background to the inquiry and the report, concluding with description of the events and actions in Somalia that defined the issues warranting investigation. Volume 2 focuses on military operations and conduct, including leadership, training, discipline, rules of engagement, and operational readiness. Volume 3 is devoted to a case study of the mission planning process for the Somalia deployment. Volume 4 presents findings with respect to individual misconduct on the part of Canadian Forces officers. Volume 5 contains additional findings on important topics such as military justice, the role of the military in Canadian society and its civilian control, and the disclosure of documents, and includes a thorough analysis of the March 1993 incident. This final volume also includes a summary of the recommendations found throughout the report as well as appendices of background information.