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To achieve environmental sustainability in industrial plants, resource conservation activities such as material recovery have begun incorporating process integration techniques for reusing and recycling water, utility gases, solvents, and solid waste. Process Integration for Resource Conservation presents state-of-the-art, cost-effective techniques
This timely book provides authoritative, comprehensive, and easy-to-follow coverage of the fundamental concepts and practical techniques on the use of process integration to maximize the efficiency and sustainability of industrial processes. Over the past three decades, significant advances have been made in treating, designing, and operating chemical processes as integrated systems. Whether you are a process engineer, an industrial decision maker, or a researcher, this book will be an indispensable resource tool for systematically enhancing process performance and developing novel and sustainable process designs. The book is also ideal for use as a text in an upper level undergraduate or an introductory graduate course on process design and sustainability. This ground breaking reference enhances and reconciles various process and sustainability objectives, such as cost effectiveness, yield improvement, energy efficiency, and pollution prevention. The detailed tools and applications within are written by one of the world’s foremost process integration and design experts and will save you time and money. Contains state-of-the-art process integration approaches and applications including graphical, algebraic, and mathematical techniques Covers applications that include process economics, targeting for conservation of mass and energy, synthesis of innovative processes, retrofitting of existing systems, design and assessment of renewable energy systems, and in-process pollution prevention Presents fundamentals and step-by-step procedures that can be applied to the design and optimization of new processes as well the retrofitting and operation of existing processes, as well as including numerous examples and case studies for a broad array of industrial systems and processes
The process industries are characterized by the enormous use of natural resources such as raw materials, solvents, water, and utilities. Additionally, significant amounts of wastes are discharged from industrial facilities. As the world moves toward sustain able progress, that is, meeting the demand of the current generation without affecting or compromising the new generation, future process facilities must focus on resource conservation and pollution prevention. The purpose of this work is to introduce a new process integration methodology for the conservation and optimization of resources inthe process industries. The work is also geared towards reducing waste discharge from the processing facilities. The optimal management of fresh resources and waste disposal requires the appropriate allocation, generation, and separation of streams and species. Material recycle/reuse/substitution, reaction alteration, and process modification are some of the main strategies employed to conserve resources in the process industries. The overall problem addressed in this dissertation can be stated as follows: Given is a process with a number of streams (sources) that are characterized by certain criteria (e.g., compositions of certain compounds, targeted properties) where these streams can be utilized in a number of process units (sinks) if they satisfy given constraints on flow rate, compositions, and/or properties. Additionally, interception devices may be used to adjust stream criteria. The objective is to develop targeting procedures and synthesis tools for the identification of minimum usage of fresh resources, minimum discharge of waste, and maximum integration of process resources. The devised methodology addresses four classes of problems: Targeting techniques using direct recycle strategies - Recycle and interception procedures for single-component systems - Recycle and interception procedures for multi-component systems - Property integration for direct recycle strategies. The framework provided by this dissertation couples traditional mass integration with groundbreaking property integration techniques to target, synthesize and optimize a plant for maximal conservation of resources. In particular, this work introduces new techniques such as material recycle pinch analysis, simultaneous recycle and interception networks, and property-based allocation. Additionally, graphical, algebraic, and optimization approaches are developed and validated with case studies in order to illustrate the applicability of the devised procedures.
Throughout the process industry, the conservation and allocation of mass and energy resources plays a pivotal role in the site wide optimization of a plant. Typically, raw materials are transformed into products, byproducts and wastes through pathways involving heating/cooling, pressure changes, mixing, reactions and separations. These pathways often require the addition or removal of energy from the system. The optimal management of such a system therefore requires conserving resources through the appropriate allocation of materials and energy. In a typical plant, there are both mass and energy objectives that require optimization. This dissertation will focus on optimizing the mass and energy resources present in a utility system. This will entail developing a novel framework of techniques to: target and design steam cogeneration networks while minimizing fuel requirements, identifying and utilizing sources of waste heat and incorporating heat pipes to enhance heat exchange networks. Additionally, a specific case of waste recovery will be examined when properties are the primary concern.
The primary objective of this dissertation is to introduce several algebraic procedures to the targeting of material recycle networks. The problem involves the allocation of process streams and fresh sources to process units (sinks) with the objective of minimizing fresh purchase and waste discharge. In the case of composition-limited sinks, allocation to process sinks is governed by feasibility constraints on flowrates and compositions. A systematic non-iterative algebraic approach is developed to identify rigorous targets for minimum usage of fresh resources, maximum recycle of process resources and minimum discharge of waste. These targets are identified a priori and without commitment to the detailed design of the recycle/reuse network. The approach is valid for both pure and impure fresh resources. The devised procedures also identifies the location of the material recycle pinch point and addresses its significance in managing process sources, fresh usage, and waste discharge. The dissertation also addresses the targeting of material-recycle networks when the constraints on the process units are described through flowrates and properties. This property-integration problem is solved using a non-iterative cascade-based algebraic procedure. Finally, for more complex cases with multiple fresh sources and with interception networks, a mathematical-programming approach is developed. Because of the nonlinear non-convex characteristics of the problem, the mathematical model is reformulated to enable the global solution of the problem. Several case studies are solved to illustrate the ease, rigor, and applicability of the developed targeting technique.
With this hands-on guide to SAP Solution Manager (SolMan) 7.2, you'll find everything you need to maintain your SAP landscape First get a handle on basic concepts, see how to upgrade to 7.2, and configure your solution. Then dive into key functionality: monitoring, business process documentation, change control management, IT service management, testing, and more. Round out your skills with information on security and real-world case studies Highlights: -Upgrading to 7.2 -Configuration -Monitoring tools -Business process documentation -Quality Gate Management -Change Request Management (ChaRM) -Requirements management -IT Service Management (ITSM) -IT project and portfolio management -Testing -Business Process Operations -Security
The African Convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources was adopted in 1968 in Algiers. Considered the most forward looking regional agreement of the time, it influenced significantly the development of environmental law in Africa. Two and a half decades of intense developments in international environmental law made it necessary to revise this treaty, update its provisions and enlarge its scope. This was undertaken under the auspices of the African Union (previously OAU), and the revision was adopted by its Heads of State and Government in July 2003 in Maputo. The introduction provides an overview of this new international treaty, as well as a commentary to each of its provisions.