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This report presents a cost analysis of sodium hypochlorite production from sodium hydroxide and chlorine. The process examined is a typical chemical process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Bleach, Chlorination, Caustic Soda, NaOH, Solvay Chemicals, Chlor-alkali
This report presents a cost analysis of Calcium Hypochlorite production from slaked lime, sodium hydroxide and chlorine. The process examined is a typical sodium process. This process consists mainly in passing chlorine into a slurry of slaked lime and sodium hydroxide, generating Calcium Hypochlorite and sodium chloride. After separation steps, Calcium Hypochlorite (about 70 wt%) and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride are obtained as products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 4390512, issued to PPG Industries, Inc., in 1983 (2) US Patent 4428919, issued to PPG Industries, Inc., in 1984 Keywords: Caustic Soda, Calcium Salt, Bleaching Powder, Chlorination, Sodium Method, Slaked Lime
This report presents a cost analysis of Chlorine Dioxide production from sodium chlorate. The process examined is a typical sulfuric acid-based reduction process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Acid-Based Reduction, Sulphuric Acid
This report presents a cost analysis of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from switchgrass In this process, switchgrass is gasified to synthesis gas (syngas), which is fermented to PHB. Hydrogen is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): “A Techno-economic Analysis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate and Hydrogen Production from Syngas Fermentation of Gasified Biomass” Keywords: Polyhydroxyalcanoate, PHA, Gasification, Fermentation
​This volume provides a review of the past 10 to 15 years of intensive research, development and demonstrations that have been on the forefront of developing bioaugmentation into a viable remedial technology. This volume provides both a primer on the basic microbial processes involved in bioaugmentation, as well as a thorough summary of the methodology for implementing the technology. This reference volume will serve as a valuable resource for environmental remediation professionals who seek to understand, evaluate, and implement bioaugmentation.
The political declaration of the first United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on tuberculosis (TB) calls countries to diagnose and treat 40 million people with TB globally between 2018 and 2022. Traditionally, in most countries, TB diagnosis has been performed using sputum-smear microscopy, a method developed more than 100 years ago, with suboptimal sensitivity. In recent years new technologies have emerged based on the detection of mycobacterial DNA or mycobacterial antigens. Over the past decade the World Health Organization (WHO) has published a number of guidelines developed by WHO-convened Guideline Development Groups (GDGs), using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to summarize the evidence and to formulate policy recommendations and accompanying remarks. The present document "WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection" consolidates five guidelines developed by WHO between 2016 and 2020. Earlier guidelines on diagnostics that were not developed according to the GRADE approach have not been included in this document. The WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis will group all TB recommendations in one document and will be complemented by matching modules of an operational handbook. The handbook will provide practical advice on how to put in place the recommendations at the scale needed to achieve national and global impact. A range of new diagnostic technologies have been endorsed by WHO during the past decade. These are listed below: - real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays - for example, Xpert MTB/RIF(r) (Ultra) (cartridge-based) and TruenatTM (chip-based);- line probe assays (LPAs) - for example, GenoType(r) MTBDRplus v1 and v2, GenoscholarTM NTM+MDRTB II and GenoType(r) MTBDRsl;- loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) - for example, TB-LAMP; and- antigen detection in a lateral flow format (biomarker-based detection) - for example, Alere DetermineTM TB LAM Ag. The present "WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection" provides background, justification and recommendations on these technologies. The document includes new recommendations on molecular assays intended as initial tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and rifampicin resistance in adults and children.
This report presents a cost analysis of Calcium Hypochlorite production from slaked lime, sodium hydroxide and chlorine The process examined is a typical sodium process. This process consists mainly in passing chlorine into a slurry of slaked lime and sodium hydroxide, generating Calcium Hypochlorite and sodium chloride. After separation steps, Calcium Hypochlorite (about 70 wt%) and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride are obtained as products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 4390512, issued to PPG Industries, Inc., in 1983 (2) US Patent 4428919, issued to PPG Industries, Inc., in 1984 Keywords: Caustic Soda, Calcium Salt, Bleaching Powder, Chlorination, Sodium Method, Slaked Lime