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Labor -intensive goods are the developing countries' strongest export items -- and the United States is the chief import market for these goods. What's more, the industrial countries can expect increasing competition in the 1990s in clothing, footwear, leather products, wood manufactures, and some primary metal manufactures.
This book collects OECD work that builds on recent contributions to the theory and empirics of comparative advantage, putting particular emphasis on the role policy can play in shaping trade.
Based on the arguments in Balassa's stages of comparative advantage thesis, this paper looks at the perfomance of manufacture exports in a number of Asian and Latin American economies over the period 1981-1997 and examines the revealed comparative advantage indices between economies in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Latin America.
International trade in 2009 is projected to contract for the first time since 1982. As a result, export diversifi cation has gained new urgency as one way of using exports to recover lost growth momentum. Moreover, diversifi cation is central to reducing income volatility and sustaining high growth rates, which are especially important for countries with large populations living in poverty. In the 1950s, countries became concerned that their dependence on primary products would lead to steady falls in the purchasing power of primary exports and thus slow growth. A major policy objective of developing countries since that time has been to diversify out of primary products into manufactures. Although some nations have been at least partially successful, many low-income countries remain dependent on a narrow range of primary products. 'Breaking Into New Markets' argues for a comprehensive view of diversifi cation. It explores new thinking and evidence about export diversifi cation and elaborates on policies for its promotion. These policies span tariffs and taxes, services, and government activities to help fi rms take advantage of global opportunities. The book is a compilation of chapters written as short, policy-focused pieces. Many digest longer, more academic papers in an effort to make the information accessible to a larger policy and nontechnical audience. In that sense, the book is a policy primer on what export diversifi cation can and cannot do for growth and how to make diversifi cation happen. Intelligently designed policies that effi ciently address the obstacles to export growth are critical for overall economic growth and poverty reduction. This book offers insights useful to policy makers and practitioners as they embark on efforts to design new programs of competitiveness in their trade strategies.
The New Industrializing Countries (NICs) of the Pacific Basin--Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore--differ in many ways such as their languages, cultures, political and economic systems. What is interesting is what economic characteristic they hold in common. Each has succeeded in defying in what Chow and Kellman define as a "vicious circle of poverty" following World War II. They provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors which fueled the "engine of growth." The authors combine a detailed body of empirical data with an unusually broad theoretical framework to highlight the factors in each industry and market which contributed to the success of these countries. The work examines and forecasts potential competition from the surrounding geographic area in specific markets. It contrasts the development of the NICs with Japan, with "next tier NICs," and with each other in markets, including those of the United States and the forthcoming united Europe. Using modern economic theory and sophisticated quantitative techniques, Trade - The Engine of Growth in East Asia will clearly help scholars, students, policymakers, and professionals in understanding these East Asian models of growth.