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The Anadarko Basin contains some of the most prolific hydrocarbon reserves in all of North America. A recent USGS publication estimated undiscovered resources across the basin to be 495 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 27 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (TCFG), and 410 million barrels of natural gas liquids (MMBNGL). Pennsylvanian age sandstones contribute substantially to total estimated reserves within the basin. The focus of this study is the late Pennsylvanian Tonkawa Sandstone, the lowermost unit of the Douglas Group, Virgilian Series. Through the integration of core analysis, subsurface mapping, petrographic analysis, and porosity and permeability data, this study presents a detailed analysis of the Tonkawa Sandstone across approximately 1,400 mi2 (3,630 km2) in the western Anadarko Basin. The Tonkawa Sandstone is comprised of three high-order transgressive-regressive sequences within one larger, lower-order sequence. Sandstone-body distribution varies greatly, depending upon depositional environments and their associated facies. The Tonkawa Sandstone was deposited in deltaic and estuarine environments with a source area to the northeast. The HST-2 interval, the oldest sandstone-rich sequence in the Tonkawa Sandstone, was deposited in a deltaic environment with a mixed wave and tide-dominated energy regime. The younger HST-3 interval was deposited in a tide-dominated deltaic environment. The youngest interval, TST-3, was deposited in a mixed wave and tide-dominated transgressive estuarine environment. The Tonkawa Sandstone is a sublitharenite to litharenite. Widespread quartz overgrowths minimize variation in reservoir quality among facies. However, more proximal facies display better reservoir quality. Detailed characterization of Pennsylvanian formations such as the Tonkawa Sandstone contributes greatly to the understanding of similar formations within the Anadarko Basin, and other foreland and cratonic basins worldwide.
Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Second Edition presents principles to practical workflow that guide applications in a consistent manner that is independent of model, geological setting and the types and resolution of the data available. The book explains the points of agreement and difference between the various approaches to sequence stratigraphy, while also defining the common ground that affords the standard application of the method. This enables the practitioner to avoid nomenclatural and methodological confusions and apply sequence stratigraphy. The text is richly illustrated with hundreds of full-color diagrams and examples of outcrop, borehole and seismic data. The book's balanced approach helps students and professionals acquire a sound understanding of the concepts and methodology. It will appeal to geologists, geophysicists and engineers with interest in basin analysis, stratigraphy and sedimentology, as well as in all economic applications that concern the exploration and production of natural resources, including water, hydrocarbons, coal and sediment-hosted mineral deposits. - Updates the award-winning first edition in all aspects of sequence stratigraphy, from the underlying theory to the practical applications - Presents the standard approach to sequence stratigraphic methodology, nomenclature, and classification; the role of modeling in sequence stratigraphy, and the difference between modeling and methodology - Discusses the roles of scale and stratigraphic resolution in sequence stratigraphy, and the workflow that affords a consistent application of the method irrespective of the types of data available - Describes the three-dimensional nature of the stratigraphic architecture, and the variability of stratigraphic sequences with the tectonic setting, depositional setting, and the climatic regime - Illustrates all concepts with high-quality, full-color diagrams, outcrop photographs, and subsurface well data and seismic images