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Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the preparation, properties, structures and composition of substances. The prominence of chemistry is well known. Knowledge of chemistry will help to understand the natural processes, geochemical concepts, biochemical reactions, and environment. Developments in chemistry lead the discovery of immense number of chemical compounds with great applications. Broadly, chemistry can be classified into three braches viz., inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. Inorganic chemistry deals the preparation, properties and structure of all elements and their compounds except carbon and its compounds. Organic chemistry studies the synthesis, structure and properties of organic compounds. Physical chemistry concerned the physical property of chemical compounds.
A New York Times Notable Book for 2011 A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title A Kirkus Reviews Best Nonfiction of 2011 title Virtually all human societies were once organized tribally, yet over time most developed new political institutions which included a central state that could keep the peace and uniform laws that applied to all citizens. Some went on to create governments that were accountable to their constituents. We take these institutions for granted, but they are absent or are unable to perform in many of today’s developing countries—with often disastrous consequences for the rest of the world. Francis Fukuyama, author of the bestselling The End of History and the Last Man and one of our most important political thinkers, provides a sweeping account of how today’s basic political institutions developed. The first of a major two-volume work, The Origins of Political Order begins with politics among our primate ancestors and follows the story through the emergence of tribal societies, the growth of the first modern state in China, the beginning of the rule of law in India and the Middle East, and the development of political accountability in Europe up until the eve of the French Revolution. Drawing on a vast body of knowledge—history, evolutionary biology, archaeology, and economics—Fukuyama has produced a brilliant, provocative work that offers fresh insights on the origins of democratic societies and raises essential questions about the nature of politics and its discontents.
Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry is a comprehensive textbook discussing theoretical aspects of Inorganic Chemistry. Uniqueness of the book lies in treatment of all fundamental concepts, such as, Structure of Atom, Chemical Bonding, Inner Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry, with a modern approach. Illustration of text with relevant line diagrams and tabular presentation of data makes understanding of concepts lucid and simple. The book is designed for B.Sc. (Honours) and M.Sc. students.
While searching the syllabi for the spectral aspects of Inorganic compounds and metal complexes, we come across some important chapters in chemistry in almost all Universities in India and abroad. Laser Raman spectroscopy, Supramolecular chemistry, Nanochemistry and Sonochemistry are found either as separate papers or as chapters in a paper in B.Sc., M.Sc. and M.Phil. syllabi. So we thought of including these chapters along with the inorganic aspects of spectroscopy like Nuclear Quadrupole spectroscopy, ORD and CD of Inorganic compounds, Mass spectra of inorganic compounds and Photoelectron spectroscopy. The limited knowledge of Laser chemistry and Raman spectroscopy leads to the less understanding of Laser Raman spectroscopy. Hence chapters on Laser chemistry and Fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy are included in this book. These chapters were once considered as specialization in chemistry but due to advancement in chemistry, they find place in the regular curriculum. The book is written in a simple language with more advanced and latest informations. Diagrams and tables are given for the better understanding of the subject matter. The book provides a comprehensive and indepth coverage of the subject. There is a shortage of suitable text books for these chapters and this book may fill the gap and will mostly be useful to all the B.Sc. and M.Sc. students and M.Phil. Scholars globally. This book is an outcome of very long teaching and research experience of the authors in the field of Inorganic chemistry. Apart from the subject study, this book may also be used for writing the competitive examinations like UGC–NET, Civil Services Examination and so on. This book is also useful for the interdisciplinary students studying physics and biological sciences.
This book is for the postgraduate students of chemistry aspiring to crack competitive examinations such as CSIR-NET, GATE, SLET/SET and PhD entrance examinations. Presently, admission to PhD programs in premier institutions like IITs, NITs, CSIR laboratories, central universities and state universities is based on either NET/GATE certificate or PhD entrance examinations. Further, the minimum eligibility criteria laid by UGC for the direct recruitment of Assistant Professors in the higher educational institutions is a postgraduate degree with NET/SLET/SET certificate. Thus, the students are bound to pass these examinations to pursue a bright career either in research or in academic teaching. The cut off for qualifying these exams is 40 to 50%. However, the qualifying percentage of the candidates appearing for these examinations is around 5% only. Therefore, an attempt has been made by authors to develop study material pertaining to the syllabus of these exams along with the solved problems from the previous year question papers which will guide the students to qualify easily.
This book contains up-dated versions of articles which proved very popular when first published in Neurochemistry International. The articles draw attention to developments in a specific field perhaps unfamiliar to the reader, collating observations from a wide area which seem to point in a new direction, giving the author's personal view on a controversial topic, or directing soundly based criticism at some widely held dogma or widely used technique in the neurosciences.
The Chemistry of Ruthenium is concerned with the chemistry of ruthenium, with emphasis on synthesis and structure. The discussion spans a wide range of fields, from coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry to structural chemistry (of both molecular and extended lattices), electrochemistry and photochemistry, as well as kinetics and spectroscopy. Comprised of 15 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to the discovery and early history of ruthenium, along with its extraction and purification, isotopes, physical and chemical properties, and applications. The discussion then turns to the concept of oxidation state and a scheme for systematizing descriptive inorganic chemistry together with its applicability to ruthenium chemistry. Subsequent chapters focus on the chemistry of ruthenium(VIII), ruthenium(VII), ruthenium(VI), ruthenium(V), ruthenium(IV), ruthenium(III), ruthenium(II), ruthenium(I), and ruthenium(0). The book also considers ruthenium carbonyl clusters and nitrosyls before concluding with a review of the photophysics and photochemistry of tris(diimine)ruthenium(II) complexes. This monograph will be useful to students, practitioners, and researchers in the field of inorganic chemistry, as well as those who are interested in the chemistry of ruthenium.
Although they are two aspects of the same subject, environmental toxicology and environmental chemistry are usually presented as though they are entirely separate from one another; even their practitioners often seem unaware of the connections. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is the first text to tie these subjects closely together, demonstrating the immediate relevance of each subject to the other while also providing basic, easily understandable introductions to both areas. This unique work presents their principles and applications through numerous illustrative examples and special topics that highlight current environmental concerns. It provides up-to-date as well as historical examples of both subjects and includes discussions of ecotoxicology, epidemiology, predictive methods, and other topics not covered in similar texts. It also includes invertebrates and nonmammal vertebrates, plants, and microorganisms, as well as humans and other mammals. The first five chapters place chemicals in the environment; the following five provide the biological and toxicological settings; and the remaining six chapters offer examples of specific chemicals, their toxic effects and significance, and predictions of fate and toxicity. Each chapter concludes with a discussion of a related topic of particular public and scientific interest, such as chemical carcinogens, pesticide residues, or hazardous wastes. Ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in environmental toxicology courses, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry offers a timely, comprehensive introduction to the principles of toxicology as they apply to our environment. It is also useful for professionals and practitioners in a wide range of environmentally related fields and businesses.