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"During summer the interior of the United States and northern Mexico west of the Continental Divide experience frequent intrusions of moist tropical air. In the months of July and August the greatest northward flux occurs. June and September are transition months from spring to summer and summer to falI, respectively. During these months, particularly June, there is a predominance of rather dry air-mass conditions"--Introduction
"A flash flood is a flood in which the rapid rise in stream level and the resulting inundation follows the observable causative event by about four hours or less. For rain-caused flash floods meteorology is complex, and limited amounts of real-time data make timely forecasts of exact location very difficult. Lack of reports of flash-flood occurrences adds to the difficulty. Many occur that are never reported to the National Weather Service (NWS)"--Introduction.
This synoptic study for the period 13 to 16 July 1972, involved the use of surface, radiosonde, and radar observations, as welI as satellite pictures. Isentropic analyses indicated that the depth of the moisture with this surge of tropical air was of the order of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. A unique feature of this type of surge is its resemblance to a giant sea-breeze effect, where the main advective forces result from the low-level pressure gradient between the desert thermal low and the relatively higher pressures over the cooler Gulf of California. This effect is emphasized by the lack of upper-air support as shown in the mean vector winds from 10,000 to 20,000 feet for the period of concern. SateIIite photographs and film loops give a dramatic picture of the movement of the cloud mass associated with the surge. They also suggest that one of the mechanisms that may be a factor in the development of the cloudy, showery area at the mouth of the Gulf of California is an easterly wave. These extensive and active cloud areas apparently establish the low-level conditions favorable for the northward push of the surge