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A companion volume to Environmental Conflict in Alaska, Pioneering Conservation in Alaska chronicles the central land and wildlife issues and the growth of environmental conservation in Alaska during its Russian and territorial eras. The Alaskan frontier tempted fur traders, whalers, salmon fishers, gold miners, hunters, and oilmen to take what they could without regard for long-term consequences. Wildlife species, ecosystems, and Native cultures suffered, sometimes irreparably. Damage to wildlife and lands drew the attention of environmentalists, including John Muir, who applied their influence to enact wildlife protection laws and set aside lands for conservation. Alaska served as a testing ground for emergent national resource policy in the United States, as environmental values of species and ecosystem sustainability replaced the unrestrained exploitation of Alaska's early frontier days. Efforts of conservation leaders and the territory's isolation, small human population, and late development prevented widespread destruction and gave Americans a unique opportunity to protect some of the world's most pristine wilderness. Enhanced by more than 100 photographs, Pioneering Conservation in Alaska illustrates the historical precedents for current natural resource disputes in Alaska and will fascinate readers interested in wildlife and conservation.
When the vast wartime factories of the Manhattan Project began producing plutonium in quantities never before seen on earth, scientists working on the top-secret bomb-building program grew apprehensive. Fearful that plutonium might cause a cancer epidemic among workers and desperate to learn more about what it could do to the human body, the Manhattan Project's medical doctors embarked upon an experiment in which eighteen unsuspecting patients in hospital wards throughout the country were secretly injected with the cancer-causing substance. Most of these patients would go to their graves without ever knowing what had been done to them. Now, in The Plutonium Files, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter Eileen Welsome reveals for the first time the breadth of the extraordinary fifty-year cover-up surrounding the plutonium injections, as well as the deceitful nature of thousands of other experiments conducted on American citizens in the postwar years. Welsome's remarkable investigation spans the 1930s to the 1990s and draws upon hundreds of newly declassified documents and other primary sources to disclose this shadowy chapter in American history. She gives a voice to such innocents as Helen Hutchison, a young woman who entered a prenatal clinic in Nashville for a routine checkup and was instead given a radioactive "cocktail" to drink; Gordon Shattuck, one of several boys at a state school for the developmentally disabled in Massachusetts who was fed radioactive oatmeal for breakfast; and Maude Jacobs, a Cincinnati woman suffering from cancer and subjected to an experimental radiation treatment designed to help military planners learn how to win a nuclear war. Welsome also tells the stories of the scientists themselves, many of whom learned the ways of secrecy on the Manhattan Project. Among them are Stafford Warren, a grand figure whose bravado masked a cunning intelligence; Joseph Hamilton, who felt he was immune to the dangers of radiation only to suffer later from a fatal leukemia; and physician Louis Hempelmann, one of the most enthusiastic supporters of the plan to inject humans with potentially carcinogenic doses of plutonium. Hidden discussions of fifty years past are reconstructed here, wherein trusted government officials debated the ethical and legal implications of the experiments, demolishing forever the argument that these studies took place in a less enlightened era. Powered by her groundbreaking reportage and singular narrative gifts, Eileen Welsome has created a work of profound humanity as well as major historical significance. From the Hardcover edition.
The Southern Hemisphere commands an increasing interest among atmospheric chemists. It has smaller and less industrialized continents than the Northern Hemisphere and thus enjoys lower emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic pollu tants. As a consequence, the concentrations of trace species are lower in the Sou thern Hemisphere, giving rise to significant inter-hemispheric gradients. From an observation of the climatology of the various trace gas gradients important conclu sions on the chemical lifetimes, the distribution of sources and transport of trace species can be derived. Thus it is only fitting that the CSIRO Division of Atmos pheric Research, Aspendale, Australia, hosted the Conference on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC). It was convened by Dr Graeme Pearman of the CSIRO and sponsored by the CSIRO and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Graeme Pearman and Ian Galbally of the CSIRO also agreed to serve as Guest Editors. The Conference was well attended and because of its location enjoyed an un usually large number of participants from the Southern Hemisphere. About 40 papers were presented with a large share of original contributions. At this point we would like to thank the reviewers who helped to maintain strict standards. The con ference topics ranged from Nonreactive Gases, Reactive Gases, Transport, Parti culates, Precipitation Chemistry, to Radiation and Carbondioxide. The present Proceedings do not quite maintain that sequence but partly reflect the order of receipt. DIETER EHHALT 3 Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 3 (l985), 3-27.