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As the characteristic dimensions of electronic devices continue to shrink, the ability to characterize their electronic properties at the nanometer scale has come to be of outstanding importance. In this sense, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is becoming an indispensable tool, playing a key role in nanoscience and nanotechnology. SPM is opening new opportunities to measure semiconductor electronic properties with unprecedented spatial resolution. SPM is being successfully applied for nanoscale characterization of ferroelectric thin films. In the area of functional molecular materials it is being used as a probe to contact molecular structures in order to characterize their electrical properties, as a manipulator to assemble nanoparticles and nanotubes into simple devices, and as a tool to pattern molecular nanostructures. This book provides in-depth information on new and emerging applications of SPM to the field of materials science, namely in the areas of characterisation, device application and nanofabrication of functional materials. Starting with the general properties of functional materials the authors present an updated overview of the fundamentals of Scanning Probe Techniques and the application of SPM techniques to the characterization of specified functional materials such as piezoelectric and ferroelectric and to the fabrication of some nano electronic devices. Its uniqueness is in the combination of the fundamental nanoscale research with the progress in fabrication of realistic nanodevices. By bringing together the contribution of leading researchers from the materials science and SPM communities, relevant information is conveyed that allows researchers to learn more about the actual developments in SPM applied to functional materials. This book will contribute to the continuous education and development in the field of nanotechnology.
This volume will be devoted to the technical aspects of electrical and electromechanical SPM probes and SPM imaging on the limits of resolution, thus providing technical introduction into the field. This volume will also address the fundamental physical phenomena underpinning the imaging mechanism of SPMs.
Recent Advancements in Multidimensional Applications of Nanotechnology provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and applications of nanotechnology across various dimensions. Covering a wide range of topics, from electron microscopy to nanotherapeutic strategies, the book explores the diverse applications of nanotechnology in industries and research fields. Key Features: Comprehensive Coverage: Gain insights into electron microscopy, biogenic synthesis methods, energy applications, and more. Industry Applications: Discover how nanotechnology is revolutionizing industries such as energy, oil and gas, agriculture, and healthcare. Cutting-Edge Developments: Stay ahead of the curve with discussions on copper oxide nanoparticles, nano-coatings, and thin film optimization for solar cells. Biomedical Breakthroughs: Explore the exciting realm of biomedical applications, from metallic nanoparticles in healthcare to biogenic synthesis methods. Practical Insights: Benefit from practical insights and case studies that showcase real-world applications of nanotechnology.
Nature, with its unassuming yet prodigious character, unfolds its assembly and adaptability guided by the principles of thermodynamics and supramolecular chemistry. Every entity in nature, regardless of its form, adheres to these fundamental principles. From individual metabolites to ordinary molecules, each possesses inherent potential for nanomaterial synthesis. This book meticulously compiles diverse green approaches that highlight nature's synthetic prowess and its lavish abundance in nanomaterial synthesis, showcasing potential applications. It unveils the lucrative pathways nature provides for cutting-edge advancements in synthetic methodologies and material applications.
Functional Materials Processing for Switchable Device Modulation focuses on the advances of nanofabrication that underpin emerging technologies, including electronic devices. The book provides readers with a broad view of the materials' perspectives, including historical context and background, along with future opportunities for smart electronic and switchable devices. A major focus in the book is on the research and development of synthetic materials for spectroscopic analysis which broadly deals with science and technology of materials on the atomic and molecular scale. The book reviews the materials and advances in research for switchable electronics for bioelectronic, sensing and optoelectronic applications. In addition, key challenges and emerging opportunities in innovations in surface modification and novel functional materials device implementation for industrial scale reproducibility are discussed. The book covers the applications and market potential for a variety of media, including mirrors, glazing/coatings, and display products. The physics, electrochemistry, device design and materials are detailed, with performance compared between the most relevant and emerging switchable technologies. - Addresses the most interesting advances in switchable devices for bioelectronics, electronics, optoelectronics and sensing applications - Includes a special emphasis on materials design, processing and fabrication of switchable devices to realize large-scale industry applications - Compares the performance of existing innovative switchable devices - Reviews the remaining barriers to commercialization, along with opportunities to address these challenges
Dwindling global supplies of conventional energy and materials resources are widely thought to severely constrain, or even render impossible, a "first-world" lifestyle for the bulk of Earth’s inhabitants. This bleak prospect, however, is wrong. Current energy resources are used grotesquely inefficiently as heat ("fuels," after all, are "burned"), so that well over half of the energy is simply dissipated into the environment. In turn, conventional materials resources, particularly of metals, are geologically anomalous deposits that also are typically processed by the prodigious application of raw heat. Simultaneously, rising levels of pollution worldwide are a challenge to remediate as they require the extraction of pollutants at low concentration. Nanotechnology, the structuring of matter at near-molecular scales, offers the prospect of solving all these problems at a stroke. Non-thermal use of energy, in broad emulation of what organisms do already, will not only lead to more efficient use but make practical diffuse sources such as sunlight. Pollution control and resource extraction become two aspects of the same fundamental problem, the low-energy extraction of particular substances from an arbitrary background of other substances, and this also is in emulation of what biosystems carry out already. This book sketches out approaches both for the efficient, non-thermal use of energy and the molecular extraction of solutes, primarily from aqueous solution, for purification, pollution control, and resource extraction. Some long-term implications for resource demand are also noted. In particular, defect-free fabrication at the molecular level is ultimately likely to make structural metals obsolete.
Ceramic materials are inorganic and non-metallic porcelains, tiles, enamels, cements, glasses and refractory bricks. Today, "ceramics" has gained a wider meaning as a new generation of materials influence on our lives; electronics, computers, communications, aerospace and other industries rely on a number of their uses. In general, advanced ceramic materials include electro-ceramics, optoelectronic-ceramics, superconductive ceramics and the more recent development of piezoelectric and dielectric ceramics. They can be considered for their features including mechanical properties, decorative textures, environmental uses, energy applications, as well as their usage in bio-ceramics, composites, functionally graded materials, intelligent ceramics and so on. Advanced Ceramic Materials brings together a group of subject matter experts who describe innovative methodologies and strategies adopted in the research and development of the advanced ceramic materials. The book is written for readers from diverse backgrounds across chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, environmental technology, biotechnology, and biomedical engineering. It offers a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on ceramic materials and technologies. Divided into 3 parts concerning design, composites and functionality, the topics discussed include: Chemical strategies of epitaxial oxide ceramics nanomaterials Biphasic, triphasic and multiphasic calcium orthophosphates Microwave assisted processing of advanced ceramic composites Continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites Yytria and magnesia doped alumina ceramic Oxidation induced crack healing SWCNTs vs MWCNTs reinforcement agents Organic and inorganic wastes in clay brick production Functional tantalum oxides Application of silver tin research on hydroxyapatite
The tremendous impact of electronic devices on our lives is the result of continuous improvements of the billions of nanoelectronic components inside integrated circuits (ICs). However, ultra-scaled semiconductor devices require nanometer control of the many parameters essential for their fabrication. Through the years, this created a strong alliance between microscopy techniques and IC manufacturing. This book reviews the latest progress in IC devices, with emphasis on the impact of electrical atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques for their development. The operation principles of many techniques are introduced, and the associated metrology challenges described. Blending the expertise of industrial specialists and academic researchers, the chapters are dedicated to various AFM methods and their impact on the development of emerging nanoelectronic devices. The goal is to introduce the major electrical AFM methods, following the journey that has seen our lives changed by the advent of ubiquitous nanoelectronics devices, and has extended our capability to sense matter on a scale previously inaccessible.
This second, thoroughly revised, updated and enlarged edition provides a straightforward introduction to spectroscopy, showing what it can do and how it does it, together with a clear, integrated and objective account of the wealth of information that may be derived from spectra. It also features new chapters on spectroscopy in nano-dimensions, nano-optics, and polymer analysis. Clearly structured into sixteen sections, it covers everything from spectroscopy in nanodimensions to medicinal applications, spanning a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum and the physical processes involved, from nuclear phenomena to molecular rotation processes. In addition, data tables provide a comparison of different methods in a standardized form, allowing readers to save valuable time in the decision process by avoiding wrong turns, and also help in selecting the instrumentation and performing the experiments. These four volumes are a must-have companion for daily use in every lab.
The quantitative determination of the properties of micro- and nanostructures is essential in research and development. It is also a prerequisite in process control and quality assurance in industry. The knowledge of the geometrical dimensions of structures in most cases is the base, to which other physical and chemical properties are linked. Quantitative measurements require reliable and stable instruments, suitable measurement procedures as well as appropriate calibration artefacts and methods. The seminar "NanoScale 2004" (6th Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy and 2nd Seminar on Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods) at the National Metrology Institute (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PTB), Braunschweig, Germany, continues the series of seminars on Quantitative Microscopy. The series stimulates the exchange of information between manufacturers of relevant hard- and software and the users in science and industry. Topics addressed in these proceedings are a) the application of quantitative measurements and measurement problems in: microelectronics, microsystems technology, nano/quantum/molecular electronics, chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental technology, materials science, surface processing b) calibration & correction methods: calibration methods, calibration standards, calibration procedures, traceable measurements, standardization, uncertainty of measurements c) instrumentation and methods: novel/improved instruments and methods, reproducible probe/sample positioning, position-measuring systems, novel/improved probe/detector systems, linearization methods, image processing