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Endorsed by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) and drawing on the expertise of the world's leading experts in the field, Safety Design for Space Operations provides the practical how-to guidance and knowledge base needed to facilitate effective launch-site and operations safety in line with current regulations. With information on space operations safety design currently disparate and difficult to find in one place, this unique reference brings together essential material on: - Best design practices relating to space operations, such as the design of spaceport facilities. - Advanced analysis methods, such as those used to calculate launch and re-entry debris fall-out risk. - Implementation of safe operation procedures, such as on-orbit space traffic management. - Safety considerations relating to the general public and the environment in addition to personnel and asset protection. Taking in launch operations safety relating unmanned missions, such as the launch of probes and commercial satellites, as well as manned missions, Safety Design for Space Operations provides a comprehensive reference for engineers and technical managers within aerospace and high technology companies, space agencies, spaceport operators, satellite operators and consulting firms. - Fully endorsed by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), with contributions from leading experts at NASA, the European Space Agency (EASA) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), amongst others - Covers all aspects of space operations relating to safety of the general public, as well as the protection of valuable assets and the environment - Focuses on launch operations safety relating to manned and unmanned missions, such as the launch of probes and commercial satellites
This chapter deals with some key topics of orbital safety. It starts with an overview of the issue of space traffic control and space situational awareness, and then proceeds to address conjunction analyses and collision avoidance maneuvers (CAM), including for the International Space Station. Another kind of collision risk discussed is the jettison of discarded hardware. The chapter then covers rendezvous and docking/berthing operations. Collision safety risks, their causes and consequences, and the measures for protection are discussed in detail. The chapter also covers the issues of space vehicles charging and contamination hazards, including the shock hazard for astronauts involved in extravehicular activities. Finally, the chapter presents end-of life mitigation measures and techniques for space debris removal, such as space tugs, drag devices and electrodynamic propulsion.
Hazards to aircraft are a particular concern for the design of safe space vehicle operations. A valid risk mitigation strategy requires accurately computed risks, and the first section of this chapter discusses this. This is followed by a section on aircraft vulnerability modeling. A straightforward approach for managing aircraft risk, which is often sufficient for low-use airspace, is then discussed. Potential methods for reducing the impact on airspace, which may be useful in the absence of a real-time system, are then explored. Real-time management is covered in the subsequent section, and gives a potential architecture based on the used for management of the US National Air Space for Space Shuttle Orbiter re-entries after the Columbia accident.
This chapter covers all aspects of spaceport design for safety. This includes the choice of launch site, and explores the approach taken when choosing a location for the French Guiana Space Centre. Once the choice of geographical location has been made, the principles for the deployment these facilities in this location must be defined - the master plan. The chapter then looks at ground safety and the regulations concerned, and goes on to discuss the flight risk control within a launch site perimeter during a launch operation. Safety design for a spaceport includes limiting exposure of personnel in hazard zones. The location and design of buildings and roadways, and safety distances all need to be considered. Lightning protection systems are discussed in detail. Launch pad escape systems are essential for human spaceflight and the development of these systems is covered. The final section covers environmental protection.
This chapter provides a guideline for managing third party risks generated by the launch of a space booster. First it defines the hazardous conditions necessary for risk to be present, exposure of people or assets to the hazards, and the vulnerability of people or assets to the hazardous conditions. This provides the structure for how to control risks. Commonly used risk measures are defined. The discussion then turns to the implementation of risk and hazard controls including defining exclusion regions based on prelaunch analyses to protect populations and defining real-time range safety systems for limiting the risk during an operation. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the flight safety analysis process with an emphasis on debris risk analysis, and includes both highly simplified models for rapid risk estimation and more sophisticated models.
This chapter provides an understanding of quantitative risk assessment as it is applied in the operational phase of complex aerospace missions. It addresses the application of a quantitative risk model that has already been built and reviewed for a project or program that is in the operations phase. Several aerospace examples are discussed, but the focus of the chapter is the use of risk modeling in the operational phase of the International Space Station (ISS) program. Examples are presented to highlight the application and flexibility of risk assessments or trade studies in the operations phase. Operational risk trades account for nearly all of the risk analysis performed for the ISS program.
Because of the inherent high sensor resolution satellite laser ranging (SLR) has been developed into a widely used range measurement technology, today more than 30 observing stations all across the world are routinely tracking a large variety of satellites in order to determine their orbits with high resolution. Recently this concept was also adopted for high-precision time transfer activities, such as the T2L2 experiment on Jason 2 and the European Laser Time Transfer (ELT) for the International Space Station. With complex targets such as the ISS one has to comply with stringent laser eye safety requirements in order to ensure the health of the astronauts. At the same time laser safety for air traffic has to be secured.
Progress in space safety lies in the acceptance of safety design and engineering as an integral part of the design and implementation process for new space systems. Safety must be seen as the principle design driver of utmost importance from the outset of the design process, which is only achieved through a culture change that moves all stakeholders toward front-end loaded safety concepts. This approach entails a common understanding and mastering of basic principles of safety design for space systems at all levels of the program organisation. Fully supported by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), written by the leading figures in the industry, with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station, this book provides a comprehensive reference for aerospace engineers in industry. It addresses each of the key elements that impact on space systems safety, including: the space environment (natural and induced); human physiology in space; human rating factors; emergency capabilities; launch propellants and oxidizer systems; life support systems; battery and fuel cell safety; nuclear power generators (NPG) safety; habitat activities; fire protection; safety-critical software development; collision avoidance systems design; operations and on-orbit maintenance. - The only comprehensive space systems safety reference, its must-have status within space agencies and suppliers, technical and aerospace libraries is practically guaranteed - Written by the leading figures in the industry from NASA, ESA, JAXA, (et cetera), with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, small and large satellite systems, and the International Space Station - Superb quality information for engineers, programme managers, suppliers and aerospace technologists; fully supported by the IAASS (International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety)
This chapter introduces the concepts of Space Nuclear Power Systems (SNPSs), describes the history and nature of these ingenious energy-generating machines. The basic principles of the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and the recently developed Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG) are explored and an account of their application in several extra-terrestrial missions is presented. Nuclear fission power as a promising alternative for future outer planet and extra-solar explorations is discussed. The flight safety review and launch approval processes for U.S., as well as the failures and accidents for U.S. and U.S.S.R. (Russian) nuclear powered space missions since 1961 are presented chronologically. A comprehensive probabilistic consequence analysis of all conceivable potential hazards associated with nuclear powered space flights is set out. The chapter concludes with how SNPSs must be designed with the built-in safety features to minimize accidents and to prevent radiation exposure.
From the beginning of humankind’s use of space, human-made objects have re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere and experienced the severe aerodynamic heating and loads characteristic of high-speed atmospheric re-entry. Some of these reentries have generated fragments that survived to impact the Earth’s surface and be hazardous to people and damaging to property. This chapter addresses the safety of both broad types of space hardware re-entries: either controlled so impact is targeted in a specific area, or uncontrolled, where re-entry can occur anywhere within the latitude band defined by the orbital inclination of the reentering object. The overall objective of this chapter is to help prepare safety engineers to answer the ultimate questions involved in the design of safety re-entry operations.