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Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the 1960s, and today we continue to enjoy the benefits of that fundamental discovery and its translation into a wide variety of products. Like liquid crystals, polymers are unusual materials, and have similarly enjoyed a great deal of research attention because of their vast applications and uses and compl
Polymer science is a technology-driven science. More often than not, technological breakthroughs opened the gates to rapid fundamental and theoretical advances, dramatically broadening the understanding of experimental observations, and expanding the science itself. Some of the breakthroughs involved the creation of new materials. Among these one may enumerate the vulcanization of natural rubber, the derivatization of cellulose, the giant advances right before and during World War II in the preparation and characterization of synthetic elastomers and semi crystalline polymers such as polyesters and polyamides, the subsequent creation of aromatic high-temperature resistant amorphous and semi-crystal line polymers, and the more recent development of liquid-crystalline polymers mostly with n~in-chain mesogenicity. other breakthroughs involve the development of powerful characterization techniques. Among the recent ones, the photon correlation spectroscopy owes its success to the advent of laser technology, small angle neutron scattering evolved from n~clear reactors technology, and modern solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy exists because of advances in superconductivity. The growing need for high modulus, high-temperature resistant polymers is opening at present a new technology, that of more or less rigid networks. The use of such networks is rapidly growing in applications where they are used as such or where they serve as matrices for fibers or other load bearing elements. The rigid networks are largely aromatic. Many of them are prepared from multifunctional wholly or almost-wholly aromatic kernels, while others contain large amount of stiff difunctional residus leading to the presence of many main-chain "liquid-crystalline" segments in the "infinite" network.
This book examines the current state of the art, new challenges, opportunities, and applications of IPNs. With contributions from experts across the globe, this survey is an outstanding resource reference for anyone involved in the field of polymer materials design for advanced technologies. • Comprehensively summarizes many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of micro and nanostructured Interpenetrating Polymer Networks • Discusses various aspects of synthesis, characterization, structure, morphology, modelling, properties, and applications of IPNs • Describes how nano-structured IPNs correlate their multiscale structure to their properties and morphologies • Serves as a one-stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of IPNs and nano-structured polymer systems • Includes chapters from leading researchers in the IPN field from industry, academy, government and private research institutions
This primer provides a precise, high‐level overview of force-responsive networks with practical examples and well-crafted diagrams, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Force‐responsive networks combine chemistry, polymer science, physics, and mechanical engineering into this interdisciplinary domain. By bridging diverse fields, the primer broadens the academic horizon and highlights the synergistic potential inherent in the intersection of these areas. The authors employ plain language to elucidate complex concepts and cover many basic principles in force‐responsive polymer networks. This primer is well‐suited for senior undergraduate and junior graduate students. It is an ideal reference for advanced materials and engineering classes and is particularly beneficial for students beginning research in force‐responsive materials. Additionally, it offers in‐depth insight into the advanced features of the mechanical properties of polymeric materials.
This book comprises the contributions of several authors in the area of polymer physics by application of conducting polymers; hydrogel films on optical fiber core; thin film polymers; PDLC films application; photopolymers for holographic media; microwave absorption and EMI shielding behavior of nanocomposites based on intrinsically conducting polymers and graphene and carbon nanotubes; in the area of polymer synthesis of conducting polymers; oxidative polymerization of aniline; electro reductive polymerization; polysilanes with ordered sequences; radiation cross-linking poly(urethane-imide) and nitrogen-rich polymers as candidates for energetic applications; development of ruthenium complexes to novel functional nanocomposites. We hope that this book will help inspire readers to pursue study and research in this field.
Focusing on the applied and basic aspects of confined liquid crystals, this book provides a current treatise of the subject matter and places it in the broader context of electrooptic applications. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the
The workshop on the "Molecular Basis of Polymer Networks", held October 5- 7, 1988 in 1iilich, FRG, continued a series of workshops jointly organized by the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, and the Institute of Solid State Physics of the KFA, 1iilich. The aim of this workshop was to provide a platform for discussions between theoreticians and experimentalists interested in the physics of polymer networks, in the hope that the two types of discussion would be synergistic. As revealed by the title of this workshop, the main focus of the lectures was on molecular aspects of the problem. The individual parts of these proceedings cover various approaches. Following quite general comments from a physicist examining the situation from "outside", various new theoretical concepts are developed. During the last decade the advent of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) has allowed the molecular structure of polymer networks to be studied and thus the reliability of the theories to be tested directly at the molecular level. Recent advances in this field are presented. The use of new techniques such as 2H NMR or QELS and the refinements of more classical, mechanical experimental measure ments have provided new information about the relation between the macroscopic behavior and the microscopic structure of polymer networks. Some recent results in this area are discussed for both chemically cross-linked networks and gels built by specific interchain interactions.
Amphiphilic polymer co-networks (APCNs) are a type of polymeric hydrogel, their hydrophobic polymer segments and hydrophilic components produce less aqueous swelling, giving better mechanical properties than conventional hydrogels. This new class of polymers is attracting increasing attention, resulting in further basic research on the system, as well as new applications. This book focuses on new developments in the field of APCNs, and is organised in four sections: synthesis, properties, applications and modelling. Co-network architectures included in the book chapters are mainly those deriving from hydrophobic macro-cross-linkers, representing the classical approach; however, more modern designs are also presented. Properties of interest discussed include aqueous swelling, thermophysical and mechanical properties, self-assembly, electrical actuation, and protein adsorption. Applications described in the book chapters include the use of co-networks as soft contact lenses, scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering, matrices for heterogeneous biocatalysis, and membranes of controllable permeability. Finally, an important theory chapter on the modelling of the self-assembly of APCNs is also included. The book is suitable for graduate students and researchers interested in hydrogels, polymer networks, polymer chemistry, block copolymers, self-assembly and nanomaterials, as well as their applications in contact lenses, drug delivery, tissue engineering, membranes and biocatalysis.
Comprehensive knowledge on concepts and experimental advancement, as well as state-of-the-art computational tools and techniques for simulation and theory Dynamics and Transport in Macromolecular Networks: Theory, Modeling, and Experiments provides a unique introduction to the currently emerging, highly interdisciplinary field of those transport processes that exhibit various dynamic patterns and even anomalous behaviors of dynamics, investigating concepts and experimental advancement, as well as state-of-the-art computational tools and techniques for the simulation of macromolecular networks and the transport behavior in them. The detailed text begins with discussions on the structural organization of various macromolecular networks, then moves on to review and consolidate the latest research advances and state-of-the-art tools and techniques for the experimental and theoretical studies of the transport in macromolecular networks. In so doing, the text extracts and emphasizes common principles and research advancement from many different disciplines while providing up-to-date coverage of this new field of research. Written by highly experienced and internationally renowned specialists in various disciplines, such as polymer, soft matter, chemistry, biophysics, and more, Dynamics and Transport in Macromolecular Networks covers sample topics such as: Modeling (visco)elasticity macromolecular and biomacromolecular networks, covering statistical and elastic models and permanent biomacromolecular networks Focus on controlled degradation in modeling reactive hydrogels, covering mesoscale modeling of reactive polymer networks and modeling crosslinking due to hydrosilylation reaction Dynamic bonds in associating polymer networks, covering segmental and chain dynamics and phase-separated aggregate dynamics Direct observation of polymer reptation in entangled solutions and junction fluctuations in crosslinked networks, covering tube width fluctuations and dynamic fluctuations of crosslinks A much-needed overview of developments and scientific findings in the transport behaviors in macromolecular networks, Dynamics and Transport in Macromolecular Networks is a highly valuable resource for chemists, physicists, and other scientists and engineers working in fields related to macromolecular network systems, both theoretically and experimentally.
-Shear-Induced Transitions and Instabilities in Surfactant Wormlike Micelles By S. Lerouge, J.-F. Berret -Laser-Interferometric Creep Rate Spectroscopy of Polymers By V. A. Bershtein, P. N. Yakushev -Polymer Nanocomposites for Electro-Optics: Perspectives on Processing Technologies, Material Characterization, and Future Application K. Matras-Postolek, D. Bogdal