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UPDATED AND EXPANDED NEW 11TH EDITION. Design guide for earth retaining structures covers nearly every type of earth retaining structure: cantilevered, counterfort, restrained (basement walls), gravity, segmental, sheet pile, soldier pile, and others. Current building code requirements are referenced throughout. Topics include types of retaining structures, basic soil mechanics, design of concrete and masonry walls, lateral earth pressures, seismic design, surcharges, pile and pier foundations, Gabion walls and swimming pool walls. Fourteen varied design examples. Comprehensive Appendix with Glossary of terminology. 257 pages. 8-1/2x11 paperback.
Effectively Calculate the Pressures of Soil When it comes to designing and constructing retaining structures that are safe and durable, understanding the interaction between soil and structure is at the foundation of it all. Laying down the groundwork for the non-specialists looking to gain an understanding of the background and issues surrounding geotechnical engineering, Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition introduces the mechanisms of earth pressure, and explains the design requirements for retaining structures. This text makes clear the uncertainty of parameter and partial factor issues that underpin recent codes. It then goes on to explain the principles of the geotechnical design of gravity walls, embedded walls, and composite structures. What’s New in the Third Edition: The first half of the book brings together and describes possible interactions between the ground and a retaining wall. It also includes materials that factor in available software packages dealing with seepage and slope instability, therefore providing a greater understanding of design issues and allowing readers to readily check computer output. The second part of the book begins by describing the background of Eurocode 7, and ends with detailed information about gravity walls, embedded walls, and composite walls. It also includes recent material on propped and braced excavations as well as work on soil nailing, anchored walls, and cofferdams. Previous chapters on the development of earth pressure theory and on graphical techniques have been moved to an appendix. Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition is written for practicing geotechnical, civil, and structural engineers and forms a reference for engineering geologists, geotechnical researchers, and undergraduate civil engineering students.
The National Concrete Masonry Association presents the essential guide to constructing segmental retaining walls with detailed, easy-to-follow diagrams and charts for do-it-yourself homeowners and landscape contractors alike. From the fundamentals to the latest research and modern techniques in segmental retaining wall construction, this colorful and inspiring gallery of design suggestions accompanies the expertly written step-by-step guide, and offers a plethora of landscaping ideas ilable and will inspire great new designs for all landscape styles.
Budhu presents the basic concepts and fundamental principles that engineers must know to understand the methods utilized in foundation design by exploring the values and limitations of popular methods of analyses in foundation engineering.
Carbonation results when carbonate ions from dissolved carbon dioxide react with the Ca ions of the cement paste and precipitate calcium carbonate. By time all Ca-bearing cement hydrates will decompose and form calcite. The end product will apart from calcite be silica gels, metal hydroxides and clays. Carbon dioxide and water can be found in almost every environment and thus all concretes will be subjected to carbonation. The cement paste will in the course of time go back to the basic components in cement production. Therefore, the question is not if concrete and other cementitious products will carbonate, but how fast they will carbonate. In geological terns the cement paste turns into marly limestone and the concrete into marly agglomerate. Old Roman concrete structures are basically such a rock. Carbonation is a process from the surface, i.e. the amount of carbonated material is related to exposure time and surface. Surfaces in direct contact with carbon dioxide and water will carbonate rapidly but a shell of already carbonated concrete will slow down the carbonation of the interior. Thus to be able to calculate the CO2-uptake we must know the transport mechanism of carbon dioxide and carbonate ions through the already altered product. The process of passing a shell of already carbonated concrete is complex. The speed of carbonation is apart from the amount of CO2 in the environment also governed by the size and geometry of the porosity, the degree of water saturation, the type of cement/binder, the temperature, etc. Even concrete submerged in water or buried in soil will carbonate but at a slow speed due to biological degradation and the slowness of exchange reactions between water and the gases in the atmosphere. To be able to calculate CO2 uptake one must consider the microclimate at individual concrete surfaces, concrete qualities and cement/binder types in a time frame. Thus approximations are needed. In the general case assuming a similar environment and concrete quality the carbonation rate slows down with the square root of time. By choosing the most common types of concrete structures, estimating the exposed surfaces in different environments and concrete qualities it is possible to get a good estimate of the rate of carbon dioxide uptake. As a consequence of the rapidly decreasing rate of carbonation one can assume that most of the carbonation of concrete structures takes place during the first 50 years and after demolition as this will increase the surfaces dramatically. One must, however, also consider that the types of cement and quality of the concrete have changed and will change over time. Thus there will be a difference between how much is taken up today and how much that will be taken up in 50 years from now. Concrete is a fairly modern material and most concrete structures still remain but we can expect the amount of demolished concrete to increase in the future. A guess is that a 100-year perspective most concrete structures that exist today will probably be demolished and most of the carbonate rock calcinated during cement production will be back as a carbonate rock. To be able to calculate the carbonation rate some simplifications are needed. In this report concrete strength is used as a substitute for porosity and from literature data constants for different environmental classes are selected. The influence of different cements and additions is handled by correction factors.
Retaining structures form an important component of many civil engineering and geotechnical engineering projects. Careful design and construction of these structures is essential for safety and longevity. This new edition provides significantly more support for non-specialists, background to uncertainty of parameters and partial factor issues that underpin recent codes (e.g. Eurocode 7), and comprehensive coverage of the principles of the geotechnical design of gravity walls, embedded walls and composite structures. It is written for practising geotechnical, civil and structural engineers; and forms a reference for engineering geologists, geotechnical researchers and undergraduate civil engineering students.
Design guide for earth retaining structures. Updated and expanded new 10th edtition covers nearly every type of earth retaining structure: cantilevered, counterfort, restrained (basement walls), gravity, segmental, sheet pile, sodier pile, and others. Current building code requirements are covered including IBC '12, MSJC '11, ACI 318-11, ASCE 7-10, CBC '13, and AASHTO. Topics include types of retaining structures, basic soil mechanics, design of concrete and masonry walls, lateral earth pressures, seismic design, surcharges, pile and pier foundations, and swimming pool walls. Fourteen varied design examples. Comprehensive Appendix. Glossary of terminology. 246 pages. 8-1/2x11 paperback.
The first book to provide a detailed overview of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls deploy horizontal layers of closely spaced tensile inclusion in the fill material to achieve stability of a soil mass. GRS walls are more adaptable to different environmental conditions, more economical, and offer high performance in a wide range of transportation infrastructure applications. This book addresses both GRS and GMSE, with a much stronger emphasis on the former. For completeness, it begins with a review of shear strength of soils and classical earth pressure theories. It then goes on to examine the use of geosynthetics as reinforcement, and followed by the load-deformation behavior of GRS mass as a soil-geosynthetic composite, reinforcing mechanisms of GRS, and GRS walls with different types of facing. Finally, the book finishes by covering design concepts with design examples for different loading and geometric conditions, and the construction of GRS walls, including typical construction procedures and general construction guidelines. The number of GRS walls and abutments built to date is relatively low due to lack of understanding of GRS. While failure rate of GMSE has been estimated to be around 5%, failure of GRS has been found to be practically nil, with studies suggesting many advantages, including a smaller susceptibility to long-term creep and stronger resistance to seismic loads when well-compacted granular fill is employed. Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls will serve as an excellent guide or reference for wall projects such as transportation infrastructure—including roadways, bridges, retaining walls, and earth slopes—that are in dire need of repair and replacement in the U.S. and abroad. Covers both GRS and GMSE (MSE with geosynthetics as reinforcement); with much greater emphasis on GRS walls Showcases reinforcing mechanisms, engineering behavior, and design concepts of GRS and includes many step-by-step design examples Features information on typical construction procedures and general construction guidelines Includes hundreds of line drawings and photos Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls is an important book for practicing geotechnical engineers and structural engineers, as well as for advanced students of civil, structural, and geotechnical engineering.
This report explores analytical and design methods for the seismic design of retaining walls, buried structures, slopes, and embankments. The Final Report is organized into two volumes. NCHRP Report 611 is Volume 1 of this study. Volume 2, which is only available online, presents the proposed specifications, commentaries, and example problems for the retaining walls, slopes and embankments, and buried structures.