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Tracing the history of colonial education in the Punjab, the large province of Hindustan divided today between India and Pakistan, this book argues that the British-controlled system of colonial education in Hindustan failed well before the national movement challenged foreign educational practice in the early twentieth century. Drawing on extensive archival research in Great Britain, India and Pakistan, Allender shows how the early ideas of British officials generated a highly imaginative village system of schooling. Attempting to accommodate local language and religious sensitivities, this broad-based scheme offered possibilities to improve the lot of village boys. The revolt of 1857, and a well-meaning crusade against female infanticide, prompted officials to drop this scheme and to content themselves with city based schools. Christian missionary tensions with the government over their evangelising agenda also meant that their focus on poor students was limited to a mere 17 years. These developments helped to create a strong indigenous voice for educational innovations and change, notably represented in the Arya Samaj. In 1882, the Hunter Commission marked a recognition over the previous 30 years made it impossible for them to reach the general population with an effective European-led scheme of education.
A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, working-class people across northern India found themselves negotiating rapid industrial change, emerging technologies, and class hierarchies. In response to these changes, Indian Muslim artisans began publicly asserting the deep relation between their religion and their labor, using the increasingly accessible popular press to redefine Islamic traditions “from below.” Centering the stories and experiences of metalsmiths, stonemasons, tailors, press workers, and carpenters, Pious Labor examines colonial-era social and technological changes through the perspectives of the workers themselves. As Amanda Lanzillo shows, the colonial marginalization of these artisans is intimately linked with the continued exclusion of laboring voices today. By drawing on previously unstudied Urdu-language technical manuals and community histories, Lanzillo highlights not only the materiality of artisanal production but also the cultural agency of artisanal producers, filling in a major gap in South Asian history.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1871.