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The idea for an international symposium on regulated streams was conceived over an open-faced sandwich at the R&dhus in Copenhagen when we attended the Congress of the Societas Internationalis Lim nologiae in summer 1977. Although· we were aware that various col leagues were working on ecological problems in reservoir tailwaters, we did not fully comprehend the magnitude of worldwide stream regu lation nor the extent of interest in the subject. Such revelations are reflected in the 21 papers included in this book. The authors have summarized current understanding of the ecology of regulated streams and attempted to convey the importance and direction of future scientific investigations in stream ecosystems altered by upstream impoundments. The First International Symposium on Regulated Streams was the plenary event at the 27th annual meeting of the North American Benthological Society, April 18-20, 1979, in Erie, Pennsylvania. More than 500 colleagues attended. We gratefully acknowledge the support granted by the National Science Foundation; these funds permitted intellectual exchange between scientists from eight coun tries on four continents. We extend personal thanks to Dr. K. W. Stewart, President of NABS, and the NABS Program Committee, including Drs. E. C. Masteller, E. R. Brezina, and W. P. Kovalak. These individuals and other officers and members of the Executive Committee assisted us with the many details leading to organization and staging of a scientific forum. Discussions with Dr. John Cairns, Jr. and Dr. G. Richard Marzolf during the early planning stage were most helpful.
Researchers and managers of regulated river systems will find this volume useful in acquiring information for deciding an integrated management plan for regulated river operations. Rather than the ecological theory of impacts of flow regulation, emphasis has been placed on methods to predict water quality and habitat alterations, as well as techniques to mitigate impacts from various operational scenarios. Although most chapters refer to impacts of riverine impoundments, these alternatives apply to any regulated situation in which changes in water quality or flow pattern occur. The predictive modeling techniques are explained primarily from a theoretical background. However, extensive bibliographies can guide the uninitiated to specific texts and software. Where controversial techniques have been presented, alternate methods are also described. Major topic areas include water quality problems, channel modification and management, ecological modeling and management, as well as a section on perspectives for ecological management and special problems in developing nations.
Communities increasingly find that the water quality, water levels, or some other resource indicator in their river basins do not meet their expectations. This discrepancy between the desired and actual state of the resource leads to efforts in river basin restoration. River basins are complex systems, and too often, restoration efforts are ineffective due to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the system, defined by the system structure and function. The river basin structure includes stocks (e.g., water level or quality), inflows (e.g., precipitation or fertilization), outflows (e.g., evaporation or runoff), and positive and negative feedback loops with delays in responsiveness, all of which function to change or stabilize the state of the system (e.g., the stock of interest, such as water level or quality). External drivers on this structure, together with goals and rules, contribute to how a river basin functions. This book reviews several new research projects to identify and rank the twelve most effective leverage points to address discrepancies between the desired and actual state of the river basin system. This book demonstrates that river basin restoration is most likely to succeed when we change paradigms rather than try to change the system elements, as the paradigm will establish the system goals, structure, rules, delays, and parameters.