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This booklet considers the problems of urban unemployment and presents 21 case studies of urban areas dealing with the problem. The first chapter defines urban unemployment and classifies barriers to employment, trends in unemployment, and types of unemployed persons. Chapter 2 describes some general principles necessary to successfully combat the problem on the local level. There are two major considerations which make a program successful: (1) differentiating the groups needing help, i.e., disadvantaged youth, hard to employ adults, and dislocated workers; and within these groups identifying the problem specific to where they live and work; and (2) specifically tailoring the programs to meet the needs identified above. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 present the case studies, subdivided according to the particular group served (disadvantaged youth, hard to employ adults, dislocated workers). Each case study is presented in a summarized form and a contact person is listed at the end of each. The sources of initiative for the variety of programs surveyed include local elected officials (responsible for nine of the 21), private industry (responsible for six), community based organizations (responsible for five), and foundations (responsible for one). (CG)
Originally published in 1998, Neighbourhood Jobs, Race, and Skills argues that race is a powerful and persistent barrier to employment. Analysing existing literature, this book outlines how racial discrimination in hiring against African Americans appears to remain a contributor to high unemployment rates in black neighbourhoods. The book also discusses how issues such as poor schools and physical and social isolation compound employment problems, as well as changes in policy on skill requirements and the location of jobs. The book argues that combined, this is a major contributor to concentrated urban employment and poverty.
USA. Monograph examining the labour markets of thirty urban areas in order to analyse the causes of unemployment, with particular reference to slum areas - discusses economic factors (incl. The industrial structure of urban markets, labour supply, wage rates, etc.), structural factors (incl. In respect of education, health, welfare, discrimination, etc.), youth and Black unemployment problems, employment policy, etc. References and statistical tables.
Urban areas in the Global South now house most of the world’s urban population and are projected to house almost all its increase between now and 2030. There is a growing recognition that the scale of urban poverty has been overlooked – and that it is increasing both in numbers and in the proportion of the world’s poor population that live and work in urban areas. This is the first book to review the effectiveness of different approaches to reducing urban poverty in the Global South. It describes and discusses the different ways in which national and local governments, international agencies and civil society organizations are seeking to reduce urban poverty. Different approaches are explored, for instance; market approaches, welfare, rights-based approaches and technical/professional support. The book also considers the roles of clientelism and of social movements. Case studies illustrate different approaches and explore their effectiveness. Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South also analyses the poverty reduction strategies developed by organized low-income groups especially those living in informal settlements. It explains how they and the federations or networks they have formed have demonstrated new approaches that have challenged adverse political relations and negotiated more effective support. Local and national governments and international agencies can become far more effective at addressing urban poverty at scale by, as is proposed in this book, working with and supporting the urban poor and their organizations. This book will be an invaluable resource for researchers and postgraduate students in urban development, poverty reduction, urban geography, and for practitioners and organisations working in urban development programmes in the Global South.
Urban Illusions is the best first-hand account I know of the struggle to solve the employment problem in American cities. Mike Bernick combines a knowledge of the issues as seen from Washington with actual experience leading anti-poverty programs at the local level, a rare combination. He writes extremely well, and he makes shrewd suggestions for where employment policy should go from here. Anybody interested in American social policy will find this book invaluable. Lawrence M. Mead, Author of Beyond Entitlement Urban Illusions goes beyond description of inner city unemployment to consider efforts to reduce the problem. It directly examines the successes and failures that have resulted from past attempts to reduce employment. Although the volume includes data on poverty and government anti-poverty programs, it is written from the perspective of one working on a local, grass-roots level: author Michael Bernick is the founder and executive Director of this outstanding inner city employment program.