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This work explores the subject of racial identity and encourages readers to think freely about racial issues and to explore their own racial identity. Written from an integrative perspective, it aims to be permission-giving and to enable readers to overcome the constraints of political correctness. With a particular focus on white identity, the book challenges white therapists to develop their understanding of a relatively unexplored field. The author believes that self-awareness is an essential element of competency as a therapist, and she challenges all white therapists to be aware of what it means to be white, and how this influences the therapy process.
This unprecedented, interdisciplinary collection focuses on gender, whiteness, and white privilege, and sheds light on this understudied subject matter in the context of clinical psychology, in both theories and applications. Psychologists, especially therapists, are often trained to look for issues that are not readily visible, cannot be spoken, and that are commonly taken for granted. Feminist and multi-cultural researchers and practitioners further seek to expose the power structures that benefit them or that unfairly advantage some groups over others. Whiteness has been investigated by sociologists and critical race theorists, but has been largely overlooked by psychologists and psychotherapists, even those who deal with feminist and multi-cultural issues. This volume explores the ways in which gender, whiteness and white privilege intersect in the therapy room, bringing to light that which is often unseen and, thus, unnamed, while examining issues of epistemology, theory, supervision, and practice in feminist therapies. The various contributions encompass theory, history, empirical research, personal reflections, and practical teaching strategies for the classroom. The authors remind us that whiteness and other forms of privilege are situated among multiple other forces, structures, identities, and experiences, and cannot be examined alone, without context. This book was originally published as a special issue of Women & Therapy.
Racial identity theories have been in the psychological literature for nearly thirty years. Unlike most references to racial identity, however, Thompson and Carter demonstrate the value of integrating RACE and IDENTITY as systematic components of human functioning. The editors and their contributors show how the infusion of racial identity theory with other psychological models can successfully yield more holistic considerations of client functioning and well-being. Fully respecting the mutual influence of personal and environmental factors to explanations of individual and group functioning, they apply complex theoretical notions to real-life cases in psychological practice. These authors contend that race is a pervasive and formidable force in society that affects the development and functioning of individuals and groups. In a recursive fashion, individuals and groups influence and, indeed, nurture the notion of race and societal racism. Arguing that mental health practitioners are in key, influential positions to pierce this cycle, the authors provide evidence of how meaningful change can occur when racial identity theory is integrated into interventions that attempt to diminish the distress people experience in their lives. The interventions illustrated in this volume are applied in various contexts, including psychotherapy and counseling, supervision, family therapy, support groups, and organizational and institutional environments. This book can serve the needs and interests of advanced-level students and professionals in all mental health fields, as well as researchers and scholars in such disciplines as organizational management and forensic psychology. It can also be of value to anyone interested in the systematic implementation of strategies to overcome problems of race.
This vibrant new book springs from the continued failure of the counselling and psychotherapy profession to adequately prepare trainees to meet the needs of today's multi-ethnic, multiracial and multicultural society. The editors, both highly experienced trainers and academics, have gathered together here a group of new and established writers who draw on personal and professional experiences to present an array of fresh ideas and approaches. Their aim is to inform training curricula that would more adequately prepare therapy students to respond sensitively and in culturally appropriate ways to clients of diverse cultural and racial identities. Each chapter presents a challenge to all therapeutic practitioners, whatever their specialist role, to attend to and reflect on their personal and professional attitudes and behaviours in relation to clients of all heritages and origins. Issues addressed include unconscious privilege, 'othering', micro-aggressions, broaching, racism, discrimination, the search for meaning, identity complexity, intersectional understanding, heritage, biases and projections, trauma, intergenerational trauma, introjections, projection and decolonisation of the curriculum. This book is a wake-up call to the profession to develop more inclusive models of theory and practice, and to every counsellor, psychotherapist and counselling psychologist to review their professional practice and ensure a better fit between the aspirations and theories of their professional calling and the needs of our multi-ethnic, multiracial and multicultural society today.
A revolutionary theory, a clinical watershed, a masterful text The Influence of Race and Racial Identity in Psychotherapy, Robert T. Carter changes the course of a century of psychological theory, practice, and education. He debunks the traditional belief that race has a marginal impact on personality development and, with compelling empirical evidence, demonstrates that race is the defining factor above other experiences of living in the United States and a crucial ingredient in the therapeutic process. Carter presents models of racial identity for all racial groups and offers numerous case studies of various psychosocial resolutions within racial groups. He constructs the first racially inclusive model of psychotherapy--a rigorous conceptual framework that affords clinicians a deeper awareness of how racial issues affect their dealings with patients--and creates a means of integrating that knowledge into their practices. The Influence of Race and Racial Identity in Psychotherapy: * Defines the decisive role of racial identity in personality development * Presents a racially inclusive model of psychotherapy * Describes how this model is applied in a clinical context * Proposes new counselor training programs based on this model. This immensely valuable text helps students in multicultural counseling and psychotherapy develop an awareness of their own levels of racial identity as well as those of their patients. For practicing therapists, it opens new vistas in the therapeutic process and provides new avenues through which to better understand and serve their patients.
Counseling programs have recognized the importance of preparing counselors to become multiculturally competent within recent decades. Research on racist attitudes has found that more overt forms of racism has declined with a more subtle form surfacing. Are White counselors aware of their racist attitudes within the cross-racial counseling dyad? This study examines the processes that contribute to racism, racist attitudes, racial identity development and race salience within cross-racial counseling relationships. A focus of the research considers race salience and the racial profile of the White counselor. The analysis helped to answer the questions: - What does the racial profiel of a White counselor look like?- What is the relationship between racist attitudes and White racial identity development in White professional counselors?- How important is race to White counselors when working with Black clients? The book speaks to professionals in Counseling, particularly practicing counselors, psychologists, clinicians and psychiatrists. Researchers in Counseling Psychology, Counselor Education, and Social Work are likely to consider this book of interest.
The racial dynamics and sociopolitical history of the United States create a unique context for the Black therapist-White client counseling dyad. Each member within this dyad may have a number of transferences or countertransferences (i.e. responses) to one another based on their racial identity and socialization experiences; all of which may affect the therapeutic process. Utilizing a mixed-method design, two research questions guided the present study: (a) Does Black racial identity predict countertransference reactions experienced by Black therapists when working with White clients? (b) What are the benefits and challenges that Black therapists self-report when working with White clients? A multivariate multiple regression analysis was proposed to examine the first research question; however, this analysis was not conducted due to an insufficiently low sample size (N=28). Therefore, a descriptive analysis of mean comparisons based on primary themes in the qualitative data was performed. On the Black Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (Helms, 1990), mean comparisons did not appear to vary significantly based on themes; however, participants generally had high scores on the Internalization subscale. On the Therapist Response Questionnaire (Betan et al., 2005), means were generally low across themes, with the exception of Positive countertransference. These results may suggest that participants in this sample had positive, stable racial identity and that these therapists enjoyed their work with White clients regardless of challenges faced. To examine the second research question, the Discovery-Oriented Approach (Mahrer, 1988) was utilized with qualitative responses from 27 therapist participants. Qualitative results highlighted 29 themes regarding the impact of racial dynamics on the counseling process. Findings from the present study highlight the benefits and challenges Black therapists encounter when working in cross-racial dyads and provide implications for multicultural training.
Microaggressions have been identified as a common and troubling cause of low retention and poor psychotherapy outcomes for people of color. All therapists want and intend to be helpful to their clients, but many unknowingly committing microaggressions due to unconscious biases and misconceptions about people from ethnic and racial minority groups. Managing Microaggressions is intended for mental health clinicians who want to be more effective in their use of evidence-based practices with people of color. Many well-intentioned clinicians lack the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively engage those who are ethnoracially different. This book discusses the theoretical basis of the problem (microaggressions), the cognitive-behavioral mechanisms by which the problem is maintained, and how to remedy the problem using CBT principles, with a focus on the role of the therapist. Not only will readers learn how to avoid offending or harming their clients, they will also be better equipped to help clients navigate microaggressions they encounter in their daily lives. Managing Microaggressions will endow clinicians with a clear understanding of these behaviors and the errors that underpin them, leading to more successful therapy.
Can therapy involving a therapist and client from differing cultural, ethnic and racial origins work? What are the main barriers to this relationship working well? What knowledge, skill and attitudes are required by therapists to enhance their work with “different” clients? Therapists are inevitably affected by their own backgrounds, experiences and prejudices, which may manifest negatively within therapeutic relationships with clients of different cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds to their own. This book strives to explore these areas of challenge to successful therapy and to raise awareness of the many facets that may impact upon the relationship. This substantially revised edition builds upon the foundations laid down in the first edition (which addressed, amongst other subjects, issues of race and power, cultures and their impact upon communication, and a review of the dominant theoretical discourses influencing counselling and psychotherapy and how these might impact upon mixed identity therapeutic relationships,) and includes the following additions: New chapters by black and white writers working within British, American and Canadian contexts Updated information on recent changes and challenges in the field New approaches to the issues of whiteness and power, multiple identities and identity development Race, Culture and Counselling provides key reading for students, therapists, supervisors and teachers of therapists as well as students and professionals in allied professions such as social work, nursing, medicine and teaching. Contributors: Courtland Lee; Roy Moodley; Gill Tuckwell; Val Watson
This book examines issues that are specific to counselling people of African and Caribbean heritage. Exploring the hurt of racism and inherited effects of slavery, it provides 'therapeutic tasks' to offer practical advice for all students, trainees and practitioners.