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Susan Turner Meiklejohn’s Wages, Race, Skills and Space: Lessons from Employers in Detroit’s Auto Industry is an important study of wage and employment differences between blacks and whites in an urban economy. The book presents the results of a Detroit-based research endeavor which sought to understand the role of employer practices, geography, job skills, and the characteristics of workers in explaining economic disparities between black and white workers.
Susan Turner Meiklejohn’s Wages, Race, Skills and Space: Lessons from Employers in Detroit’s Auto Industry is an important study of wage and employment differences between blacks and whites in an urban economy. The book presents the results of a Detroit-based research endeavor which sought to understand the role of employer practices, geography, job skills, and the characteristics of workers in explaining economic disparities between black and white workers.
Positioning Detroit's "post-industrial" landscape as anything but "natural", this work seeks to understand and engage the racialized production of Detroit in the urban spatial imaginary through public policy and popular culture. A review of the literature on Detroit either naturalizes Detroit's late twentieth century production as a "chocolate city" and its population decline as functions of "white flight" and de-industrialization. I argue that the narrative of the post-industrial city is linked in many ways to the production of a post-racial national ideology--wherein the process of de-industrialization impacts all Detroiters, making invisible the long relationship between racial formation and spatial formation in the city of Detroit and its metropolitan area. This work reveals projects of the institutionalization of race in public policy as a way to understand the contemporary narrative of Detroit as a continuation of its racialized past. This project analyzes the simultaneous production of structural racism and the discursive production of race to reveal a material and ideological understanding of how race happens to make visible and explicit the process of racial spatialization. The dissertation approached these ideas in two distinct parts to answer the following question: "How do racial logics simultaneously produce spatial logics and then disappear?" Part I serves as a historical analysis of the national and local policies that shaped Detroit from the 1920s-1960s in regards to public and private housing and slum clearance and shows the ways the City of Detroit, through the simultaneous enforcement and willful ignorance of national and local housing policies created a City, that to this day is one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the United States. These chapters examine more than a statistical analysis and reveal how race, space, and the spatial imaginary are co-constructed during this time through the enactment of racialized policies. Part II examines the contemporary rendering of Detroit in popular culture as a dead and dying city through the use of cultural texts like Clint Eastwood's Gran Torino (2008) and an analysis of a popular website, www.city-data.com/forum/detroit to reveal that many of the ideas produced about Detroit are based on what is imagined by those outside the city. Ultimately this work reveals the layered process of racial formation through the material as well as ideological in order to link the continued production and construction of race in the current moment despite attempts to render the United States as a post-racial nation.
Despite today's booming economy, secure work and upward mobility remain out of reach for many central-city residents. Urban Inequality presents an authoritative new look at the racial and economic divisions that continue to beset our nation's cities. Drawing upon a landmark survey of employers and households in four U.S. metropolises, Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, the study links both sides of the labor market, inquiring into the job requirements and hiring procedures of employers, as well as the skills, housing situation, and job search strategies of workers. Using this wealth of evidence, the authors discuss the merits of rival explanations of urban inequality. Do racial minorities lack the skills and education demanded by employers in today's global economy? Have the jobs best matched to the skills of inner-city workers moved to outlying suburbs? Or is inequality the result of racial discrimination in hiring, pay, and housing? Each of these explanations may provide part of the story, and the authors shed new light on the links between labor market disadvantage, residential segregation, and exclusionary racial attitudes. In each of the four cities, old industries have declined and new commercial centers have sprung up outside the traditional city limits, while new immigrant groups have entered all levels of the labor market. Despite these transformations, longstanding hostilities and lines of segregation between racial and ethnic communities are still apparent in each city. This book reveals how the disadvantaged position of many minority workers is compounded by racial antipathies and stereotypes that count against them in their search for housing and jobs. Until now, there has been little agreement on the sources of urban disadvantage and no convincing way of adjudicating between rival theories. Urban Inequality aims to advance our understanding of the causes of urban inequality as a first step toward ensuring that the nation's cities can prosper in the future without leaving their minority residents further behind. A Volume in the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality
Is the United States justified in seeing itself as a meritocracy, where stark inequalities in pay and employment reflect differences in skills, education,and effort? Or does racial discrimination still permeate the labor market, resulting in the systematic under hiring and underpaying of racial minorities, regardless of merit? Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s African Americans have lost ground to whites in the labor market, but this widening racial inequality is most often attributed to economic restructuring, not the racial attitudes of employers. It is argued that the educational gap between blacks and whites, though narrowing, carries greater penalties now that we are living in an era of global trade and technological change that favors highly educated workers and displaces the low-skilled. Stories Employers Tell demonstrates that this conventional wisdom is incomplete. Racial discrimination is still a fundamental part of the explanation of labor market disadvantage. Drawing upon a wide-ranging survey of employers in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, Moss and Tilly investigate the types of jobs employers offer, the skills required, and the recruitment, screening and hiring procedures used to fill them. The authors then follow up in greater depth on selected employers to explore the attitudes, motivations, and rationale underlying their hiring decisions, as well as decisions about where to locate a business. Moss and Tilly show how an employer's perception of the merit or suitability of a candidate is often colored by racial stereotypes and culture-bound expectations. The rising demand for soft skills, such as communication skills and people skills, opens the door to discrimination that is rarely overt, or even conscious, but is nonetheless damaging to the prospects of minority candidates and particularly difficult to police. Some employers expressed a concern to race-match employees with the customers they are likely to be dealing with. As more jobs require direct interaction with the public, race has become increasingly important in determining labor market fortunes. Frequently, employers also take into account the racial make-up of neighborhoods when deciding where to locate their businesses. Ultimately, it is the hiring decisions of employers that determine whether today's labor market reflects merit or prejudice. This book, the result of years of careful research, offers us a rare opportunity to view the issue of discrimination through the employers' eyes. A Volume in the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality
The purpose of this book is to examine whether physical distance from jobs or racial discrimination in youth labor markets explains a greater part of minority youth’s employment problems. First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
In The Color of Opportunity, Haya Stier and Marta Tienda ask: How do race and ethnicity limit opportunity in post-civil rights Chicago? In the 1960s, Chicago was a focal point of civil rights activities. But in the 1980s it served as the laboratory for ideas about the emergence and social consequences of concentrated urban poverty; many experts such as William J. Wilson downplayed the significance of race as a cause of concentrated poverty, emphasizing instead structural causes that called for change in employment policy. But in this new study, Stier and Tienda ask about the pervasive poverty, unemployment, and reliance on welfare among blacks and Hispanics in Chicago, wondering if and how the inner city poor differ from the poor in general. The culmination of a six-year collaboration analyzing the Urban Poverty and Family Life Survey of Chicago, The Color of Opportunity is the first major work to compare Chicago's inner city minorities with national populations of like race and ethnicity from a life course perspective. The authors find that blacks, whites, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans living in poor neighborhoods differ in their experiences with early material deprivation and the lifetime disadvantages that accumulate—but they do not differ much from the urban poor in their family formation, welfare participation, or labor force attachment. Stier and Tienda find little evidence for ghetto-specific behavior, but they document the myriad ways color still restricts economic opportunity. The Color of Opportunity stands as a much-needed corrective to increasingly negative views of poor people of color, especially the poor who live in deprived neighborhoods. It makes a key and lasting contribution to ongoing debates about the origins and nature of urban poverty.