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Pyrolysis and Hydropyrolysis of Kentucky oil shale using super-critical toluene as the solvent was studied in a 300 c.c. stirred batch reactor. Organic carbon conversions in excess of 160% Fischer Assay were obtained in less than 30 minutes for those reactions occurring above 400 C with hydrogen atmospheres. It was found that the overall conversion of organic compound to oil and gas products could be adequately modeled using a second order irreversible rate expression. Reactions occurring at 460 C and 300 psig hydrogen partial pressure could be considered instantaneous, yielding organic carbon conversions of 185% Fischer Assay. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure was found to be significant for reactions occurring above 400 degrees C. The selectivity for total carbon conversion to oil was shown to be high, however this value was dependent on the reaction temperature and reaction time. A characterization comparison between a pyrolysis oil produced by Dravo Engineers, Inc. and the oil produced from a run performed at 440 C for 10 minutes demonstrated that the oils were remarkably similar in their chemical make-up.
Understanding the effects of varying pyrolysis conditions on yield and composition of products from oil shales is important for process optimization. The principal objective of this study was to investigate how heating rate, final heat treatment temperature and holding time at final temperature affect the yield and composition of pyrolysis products. A full range of analyses had been run in order to characterize oil shale samples and identify effects of process conditions. A preliminary computed tomography (CT) scan analysis had been peformed for the first time in the literature and kerogen in the shale matrix was successfully located . The CT scanning of the a sample before and after pyrolysis showed changes in the distribution of kerogen in the shale matrix, indicating the great potential of this technique for monitoring liquid evolution in ex-situ and in-situ pyrolysis experiments in the laboratory. This information will be very useful particularly for designing in-situ pyrolysis processes for commercial production of shale oil.
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