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This paper presents a historical perspective of the advancement of control technologies for aircraft gas turbine engines. The paper primarily covers technology advances in the United States in the last 60 years (1940 to approximately 2002). The paper emphasizes the pioneering technologies that have been tested or implemented during this period, assimilating knowledge and experience from industry experts, including personal interviews with both current and retired experts. Since the first United States-built aircraft gas turbine engine was flown in 1942, engine control technology has evolved from a simple hydro-mechanical fuel metering valve to a full-authority digital electronic control system (FADEC) that is common to all modern aircraft propulsion systems. At the same time, control systems have provided engine diagnostic functions. Engine diagnostic capabilities have also evolved from pilot observation of engine gauges to the automated on-board diagnostic system that uses mathematical models to assess engine health and assist in post-flight troubleshooting and maintenance. Using system complexity and capability as a measure, we can break the historical development of control systems down to four phases: (1) the start-up phase (1942 to 1949), (2) the growth phase (1950 to 1969), (3) the electronic phase (1970 to 1989), and (4) the integration phase (1990 to 2002). In each phase, the state-of-the-art control technology is described and the engines that have become historical landmarks, from the control and diagnostic standpoint, are identified. Finally, a historical perspective of engine controls in the last 60 years is presented in terms of control system complexity, number of sensors, number of lines of software (or embedded code), and other factors.Jaw, Link C.a and Garg, SanjayGlenn Research CenterELECTRONIC CONTROL; ENGINE CONTROL; PROPULSION SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS; GAS TURBINE ENGINES; PHASE CONTROL; MEASURING INSTRUMENTS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MAINTENANCE
The NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) houses half a million publications that are a valuable means of information to researchers, teachers, students, and the general public. These documents are all aerospace related with much scientific and technical information created or funded by NASA. Some types of documents include conference papers, research reports, meeting papers, journal articles and more. This is one of those documents.
This paper provides an overview of the aircraft turbine engine control research at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). A brief introduction to the engine control problem is first provided with a description of the state-of-the-art control law structure. A historical aspect of engine control development since the 1940s is then provided with a special emphasis on the contributions of GRC. With the increased emphasis on aircraft safety, enhanced performance, and affordability, as well as the need to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft, there are many new challenges being faced by the designers of aircraft propulsion systems. The Controls and Dynamics Branch (CDB) at GRC is leading and participating in various projects to develop advanced propulsion controls and diagnostics technologies that will help meet the challenging goals of NASA Aeronautics Research Mission programs. The rest of the paper provides an overview of the various CDB technology development activities in aircraft engine control and diagnostics, both current and some accomplished in the recent past. The motivation for each of the research efforts, the research approach, technical challenges, and the key progress to date are summarized.
This paper provides an overview of the aircraft turbine engine control research at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). A brief introduction to the engine control problem is first provided with a description of the state-of-the-art control law structure. A historical aspect of engine control development since the 1940s is then provided with a special emphasis on the contributions of GRC. With the increased emphasis on aircraft safety, enhanced performance, and affordability, as well as the need to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft, there are many new challenges being faced by the designers of aircraft propulsion systems. The Controls and Dynamics Branch (CDB) at GRC is leading and participating in various projects to develop advanced propulsion controls and diagnostics technologies that will help meet the challenging goals of NASA Aeronautics Research Mission programs. The rest of the paper provides an overview of the various CDB technology development activities in aircraft engine control and diagnostics, both current and some accomplished in the recent past. The motivation for each of the research efforts, the research approach, technical challenges, and the key progress to date are summarized. Garg, Sanjay Glenn Research Center NASA/TM-2013-217821, E-18277-1 WBS 432938.11.01.03.02.02.15 AIRCRAFT ENGINES; TURBINE ENGINES; ENGINE CONTROL; PROPULSION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE; PROPULSION SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS; HISTORIES; CONTROL THEORY; TURBOFAN ENGINES; AIRCRAFT MODELS; SENSORS; FAULT DETECTION; ENGINE FAILURE
This publication provides safety information and guidance to those involved in the certification, operation, and maintenance of high-performance former military aircraft to help assess and mitigate safety hazards and risk factors for the aircraft within the context provided by Title 49 United States Code (49 U.S.C.) and Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), and associated FAA policies. Specific models include: A-37 Dragonfly, A-4 Skyhawk, F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, F-104 Starfighter, OV-1 Mohawk, T-2 Buckeye, T-33 Shooting Star, T-38 Talon, Alpha Jet, BAC 167 Strikemaster, Hawker Hunter, L-39 Albatros, MB-326, MB-339, ME-262, MiG-17 Fresco, MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-23 Flogger, MiG-29 Fulcrum, S-211. DISTRIBUTION: Unclassified; Publicly Available; Unlimited. COPYRIGHT: Graphic sources: Contains materials copyrighted by other individuals. Copyrighted materials are used with permission. Permission granted for this document only. Where applicable, the proper license(s) (i.e., GFD) or use requirements (i.e., citation only) are applied.
The NACA and aircraft propulsion, 1915-1958 -- NASA gets to work, 1958-1975 -- The shift toward commercial aviation, 1966-1975 -- The quest for propulsive efficiency, 1976-1989 -- Propulsion control enters the computer era, 1976-1998 -- Transiting to a new century, 1990-2008 -- Toward the future