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Since its beginning in 1965 as a part of the War on Poverty, Head Start's goal has been to boost the school readiness of low-income children. Based on a 'whole child' model, the program provides comprehensive services that include pre-school education; medical, dental, and mental health care; nutrition services; and efforts to help parents foster their child's development. Head Start services are designed to be responsive to each child's and family's ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage. The Congressionally-mandated Head Start Impact Study was conducted across 84 nationally representative grantee/delegate agencies. Approximately 5,000 newly entering 3- and 4-year-old children applying for Head Start were randomly assigned to either a Head Start group that had access to Head Start program services or to a non- Head Start group that could enrol in available community non-Head Start services, selected by their parents. Data collection began in fall 2002 and is scheduled to continue through 2006, following children through the spring of their 1st-grade year. The study quantifies the impact of Head Start separately for 3- and 4-year-old children across child cognitive, social-emotional, and health domains as well as ii on parenting practices. This book is essential reading for those in the education field.
In this innovative study, Crystal Sanders explores how working-class black women, in collaboration with the federal government, created the Child Development Group of Mississippi (CDGM) in 1965, a Head Start program that not only gave poor black children access to early childhood education but also provided black women with greater opportunities for political activism during a crucial time in the unfolding of the civil rights movement. Women who had previously worked as domestics and sharecroppers secured jobs through CDGM as teachers and support staff and earned higher wages. The availability of jobs independent of the local white power structure afforded these women the freedom to vote in elections and petition officials without fear of reprisal. But CDGM's success antagonized segregationists at both the local and state levels who eventually defunded it. Tracing the stories of the more than 2,500 women who staffed Mississippi's CDGM preschool centers, Sanders's book remembers women who went beyond teaching children their shapes and colors to challenge the state's closed political system and white supremacist ideology and offers a profound example for future community organizing in the South.
The first book to capture the debates surrounding Head Start in all their complexity and diversity, this landmark volume will help readers understand the role of these controversies in the program's past and their influence on its future. Two Head Start experts bring together the research and personal experience of leaders in a wide range of fields, including education, research, medicine, and social work. This powerful compilation of voices mines Head Start's history for mistakes made and lessons learned, presents a multifaceted view of where the program should be headed, and offers contrasting viewpoints on three major issues: Goals. Explores different opinions about three ways of thinking about Head Start's goals: cognitive development versus school readiness/social competence, short-term versus long-term progress, and antipoverty tool versus child development program. Effectiveness. Presents views on the impact of Head Start on children's school readiness and success, health, and family functioning -- and discusses how research might be improved so outcomes in these areas can be more meaningfully assessed. Future directions. Explains positions on where Head Start should be headed as it approaches its fifth decade. Opinions are offered on quality improvement, the timing and duration of early intervention, administrative changes, and Head Start's capacity for meeting child care needs and expanding access to preschool services. This comprehensive, forward-thinking book will help readers understand the complexity of Head Start, clarify the multiple sides of the debates that have long surrounded it, and shape effective social policy for America's most at-risk children and their families. Book jacket.
This monograph focuses on early forms of preschool care and education, the professions and children in the 1920s and 1930s, the federal role in a series of crisis interventions, and social and intellectual changes affecting early education in the 1960s and 1970s. The rise of a two-tier system for care and education of the preschool child is addressed first. On one hand, a nursery school and kindergarten system for middle-income children developed into one whose primary focus was to supplement enrichment available at home. These nursery schools and kindergartens were held together as a system by their aim of educating and socializing the growing child. On the other hand, a childminding or day care system for low-income children developed in response to the necessity of maternal employment outside the home. The report examines consequences of the stratified system of preschool care and education for poor children and their families. The most important of these was the stigmatization of child care as a function of social welfare. It is concluded that various "suitable home" eligibility requirements established for applicants of social welfare benefits have caused minorities (especially blacks) to be consistently excluded from the system. Over 100 references are cited. (RH)
Following in the footsteps of Project Head Start: Past, Present and Future Trends in the Context of Family Needs (Garland, 1987) this new work addresses current and future needs of young children and their families. A bibliography and index are included.
Undertaken at orphanages in Russia, this study tests the role of early social and emotion experience in the development of children. Children were exposed to either multiple caregivers who performed routine duties in a perfunctory manner with minimal interaction or fewer caregivers who were trained to engage in warm, responsive, and developmentally appropriate interactions during routine care. Engaged and responsive caregivers were associated with substantial improvements in child development and these findings provide a rationale for making similar improvements in other institutions, programs, and organizations.
Today's kindergarten is the onset of formal schooling for children--the first time families, schools, teachers, and communities come together to form an educational partnership. In this thought-provoking, issues-focused book, the experts explore the research on early schooling and give you a starting point with which to reexamine your beliefs, policies, and practices regarding the first years of school. Scholars, researchers, and other professionals will discover why early school transitions need to be improved and how these critical transitions affect children's future educational success. You'll learn about readiness assessment entrance ages grade retention classroom structure family-school-community partnerships cultural diversity children with disabilities children in poverty This book is part of a series edited by Donald B. Bailey, Jr., Ph.D., and developed in conjunction with the National Center for Early Development and Learning (NCEDL). Visit NCEDL's website for information on the center's research, upcoming meetings, and free online publications..