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The adulteration and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is an old problem, vastly aggravated by modern manufacturing and trade. In the last decade, impotent antimicrobial drugs have compromised the treatment of many deadly diseases in poor countries. More recently, negligent production at a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy sickened hundreds of Americans. While the national drugs regulatory authority (hereafter, the regulatory authority) is responsible for the safety of a country's drug supply, no single country can entirely guarantee this today. The once common use of the term counterfeit to describe any drug that is not what it claims to be is at the heart of the argument. In a narrow, legal sense a counterfeit drug is one that infringes on a registered trademark. The lay meaning is much broader, including any drug made with intentional deceit. Some generic drug companies and civil society groups object to calling bad medicines counterfeit, seeing it as the deliberate conflation of public health and intellectual property concerns. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs accepts the narrow meaning of counterfeit, and, because the nuances of trademark infringement must be dealt with by courts, case by case, the report does not discuss the problem of counterfeit medicines.
This second edition of Government at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean provides the latest available data on public administrations in the LAC region and compares it to OECD countries. It contains new indicators on public finances, centres of government, regulatory governance, open government, digital government and public procurement. This edition also includes a special feature on health budgeting. After a decade of sustained economic growth reinforced by high commodity prices, economic conditions are deteriorating in the LAC region. In this context, LAC governments are expected to design and deliver more inclusive, transparent and efficient policies. This report provides policy makers with performance measurements and offers comparative perspective. Good indicators are needed more than ever to help governments make informed decisions and tough choices, in order to maintain progress and improvements in the region.
This comprehensive history of the church in Latin America, with its emphasis on theology, will help historians and theologians to better understand the formation and continuity of the Latin American tradition.
This product documents the process by which foodborne parasites were ranked from a global food safety perspective and provides a ranking and information on all the top ranked parasites both generally and from a regional perspective. It directly supports the establishment of international standards on foodborne parasites by the Codex Alimentarius which are agreed by countries and can then be used as a basis for improving the safety of specific products and facilitation their trade internationally. These in turn directly contribute to the SO by promoting more efficient and inclusive trade.
Industrial and technology parks are commonly regarded as a policy panacea. They tend to be considered as the ideal instrument to alleviate an assortment of institutional, political, economic, social and ultimately, technological weaknesses and often form the centrepiece of development strategies. Yet, the real impact of industrial and technology parks, especially in emerging countries is still poorly understood. Focusing on examples from Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, the book represents a first approach to understand the potential and reality of industrial and technology parks in emerging countries. It is argued that although some parks have been successful in addressing a range of key problems, including underdevelopment, unemployment and a lack of investment, the majority have failed to deliver, rendering the promise of many parks little more than a pipedream.
The Law Library presents the complete text of the Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting (US Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation) (SEC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Commission is adopting revisions to its oil and gas reporting disclosures which exist in their current form in Regulation S-K and Regulation S-X under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as well as Industry Guide 2. The revisions are intended to provide investors with a more meaningful and comprehensive understanding of oil and gas reserves, which should help investors evaluate the relative value of oil and gas companies. In the three decades that have passed since adoption of these disclosure items, there have been significant changes in the oil and gas industry. The amendments are designed to modernize and update the oil and gas disclosure requirements to align them with current practices and changes in technology. The amendments concurrently align the full cost accounting rules with the revised disclosures. The amendments also codify and revise Industry Guide 2 in Regulation S-K. In addition, they harmonize oil and gas disclosures by foreign private issuers with the disclosures for domestic issuers. This ebook contains: - The complete text of the Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting (US Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation) (SEC) (2018 Edition) - A dynamic table of content linking to each section - A table of contents in introduction presenting a general overview of the structure
Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. This Special Report explores the social as well as physical dimensions of weather- and climate-related disasters, considering opportunities for managing risks at local to international scales. SREX was approved and accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 18 November 2011 in Kampala, Uganda.
Agriculture has been Paraguay's main source of growth since colonial times. Agricultural exports continue to be a major determinant of the rhythm of growth. New sources of growth (commerce, tourism, and construction) were developed in the 1960s. In the 1970s, growth accelerated sharply, with the growth of the agricultural frontier, and more importantly, the construction of Itaipu dam. The sale of surplus hydro-power from Itaipu, and from Yacireta when it is completed, will benefit Paraguay for years to come. The new government has taken a number of strong actions to restore stability, including improving public finances, bringing down inflation, unifying and liberalizing the exchange rate, freeing many interest rates, and initiating a tax reform. A number of structural changes that would continue to contribute towards these goals are advanced in this report. Shifts in agricultural policy to promote a more intensive pattern of development and continued investment in and maintenance of transport infrastructure are essential. Changes in financial sector regulation to reduce the artificial barriers between institutions and to improve financial supervision need attention. Reduction and unification of tariffs, improvements in management of privatizations and joint ventures, and tax reform that lowers rates to collectible levels will prepare Paraguay for the signed MERCOSUR treaty.
Why do some export activities succeed while others fail? Here, research teams analyze export endeavors in Latin American countries to learn how export pioneers are born and jump-start a process leading to economic transformation. Case studies range from blueberries in Argentina and flowers in Colombia to aircraft in Brazil and software in Uruguay.