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Esta publicación se estructura en tres partes: la primera comienza con una revisión de las posibilidades de los residuos como combustibles, ya sean residuos urbanos, industriales o agrícolas. La segunda parte y más extensa, está dedicada al estudio detallado de las posibilidades de cada una de las tecnologías de conversión energética: incineración, gasificación, pirólisis, secado térmico, digestión anaerobia, compostaje. Finalmente los últimos tres capítulos se dedican a los aspectos que más peso tendrán en un futuro en relación a la evolución de estas tecnologías: los impactos ambientales derivados de estas actividades, el hidrógeno como combustible de futuro, y el estado de la tecnología mundial sobre el tratamiento térmico de residuos, así como sus previsibles tendencias. INDICE: Energía y medio ambiente. Generalidades. Los residuos como combustibles. La combustión. Factores endógenos y exógenos. Los contaminantes y la destrucción térmica. Sistemas de tratamiento térmico: la incineración. La gasificación. La pirólisis. Sistemas de tratamiento térmico. Procesos a alta temperatura: la verificación del plasma térmico. Procesos biológicos: la digestión anaerobia y el compostaje. Sistemas de tratamiento térmico: procesos a baja temperatura, secado. Tratamiento térmico de gases. La recuperación de la energía. Cogeneración, intercambiadores, y regeneración del calor. Tratamiento y acondicionamiento de gases. Impactos ambientales y energía. El hidrógeno y las pilas de combustible. Nuevas tecnologías para el tratamiento y conversión energética de residuos. Glosario de términos. Indice analítico.
El presente trabajo analiza el proceso de gasificación acoplado a un ciclo combinado, con la finalidad de producir energía eléctrica, para lo cual se utilizan como combustibles el carbón, el coque de petróleo y los residuos sólidos municipales. El análisis matemático se realiza a través de la modelación de las ecuaciones químicas y termodinámicas que lo describen. Se resuelve el modelo haciendo variar los parámetros que describen el mecanismo de gasificación (presión, temperatura y los flujos de combustible, oxígeno y agua), y definiendo la concentración máxima de los gases de escape de la turbina de gas del ciclo combinado. Se maximiza la potencia producida encontrándose de esta forma la relación óptima entre los flujos de combustible, agua y oxígeno, que dan como resultado costos de energía eléctrica del orden de 0.044 $/kWh para el coque de petróleo, del 0.047 $/kWh para el carbón y 0.063 $/kWh para los residuos sólidos municipales clasificados. A través del costo de la energía se demuestra que la basura debe someterse a un proceso de clasificación previa a la gasificación a fin hacer el proceso rentable desde el punto de vista económico. Una vez obtenidos los valores óptimos de operación del ciclo de gasificación se analiza su comportamiento ante variaciones o perturbaciones, de lo cual se desprende que el vapor de agua posee gran influencia en la dinámica del sistema, y que el oxígeno produce grandes cambios en la concentración del gas de síntesis. Se muestran además otros resultados de interés ligados a los ciclos de cogeneración.
The book is based on the exchange of professional experiences which featured in an IUCN CEC workshop in August 2002. Practitioners from around the world shared their models of good practice and explored the challenges involved in engaging people in sustainability. The difficulties facing practitioners vary between country and context but some challenges are universal: A lack of clarity in communicating what is meant by sustainable development; An ambition to educate everyone to bring about a global citizenship; Social, organisational or institutional factors constrain change to sustainable development, yet there is an emphasis on formal education, and community educators do not receive the same support; A lack of balance in addressing the integration of environmental, social and economic dimensions leading to an interpretation that ESD is mainly about environment and conservation issues; New learning (rather than teaching) approaches are called for to promote more debate in society. Yet, few are trained or experienced in these new approaches. Practitioners need support to explore new ways of promoting learning. [Foreword, ed].
This book presents the research results of an interdisciplinary study on climate change policies by the Enforcing Environmental Policy (EEP) Network, a project supported by the Human Dimension Potential Programme. Contributions are from highly qualified economic and legal specialists based at research institutes across Europe. The book gives answers to several questions related to the implementation of the international rules on climate change, most notably the Kyoto Protocol. It analyses ways and means to facilitate and encourage compliance with the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. It is addressed to policy-makers, academics, business-sector and stakeholders throughout and outside Europe. Due to its interdisciplinary approach, this work is a distinctive and unique product compared to the existing literature on the subject. The effective implementation of climate protection and clean air policy requires an understanding of the political, legal and economic structures and constraints facing policy makers - and this is exactly what this book offers.
This book presents key recent developments in biofuel policy, products, processes, patents and innovative technologies. It presents several case studies, which maximize reader insights into how innovative green energy technologies can be implemented on an industrial scale, with illustrations, photos and new approaches. It also analyzes in detail several different technological aspects of the research into and production of green fuels from the first, second and third generation, such as, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, biobutanol, biofuels from pyrolysis, and discusses their economic and environmental impacts. A new source of information for engineers, technicians and students involved in production and research in the biofuels sector, this book also provides a valuable resource for industry, covering the current and future status of biofuels.
This book discusses the commercialization of biofuels and the Brazilian government policies for the promotion of renewable energy program in Brazil, which could be a learning module for several countries for implementing biofuels policy to improve their socioeconomic status and make them energy independent. Researchers in academia and industries, policy makers, and economic analysts will be assisted by important source of information in their ongoing research and future perspectives. This book will benefit graduate and postgraduate students of chemical and biochemical engineering, forestry, microbiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, applied chemistry, environmental science, sustainable energy, and biotech business disciplines by signifying the applied aspects of bioenergy production from various natural sources and their implications. Graduate and postgraduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers will find clear concepts of feedstock analysis, feedstock degradation, microbial fermentation, genetic engineering, renewable energy generation and storage, climate changes, and techno-economic analysis of biofuels production technologies.
Cities of Tomorrow is a critical history of planning in theory and practice in the twentieth century, as well as of the social and economic problems and opportunities that gave rise to it. Trenchant, perceptive, global in coverage, this book is an unrivalled account of its crucial subject. The third edition of Cities of Tomorrow is comprehensively revised to take account of abundant new literature published since its original appearance, and to view the 1990s in historical perspective. This is the definitive edition, reviewing the development of the modern planning movement over the entire span of the twentieth century.