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This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems./a
Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Process Modelling and Apparatus Simulation consists of numerical modeling and simulation of different processes and apparatus for producing syngas, purifying it as well as synthesizing different chemical materials or generating heat and energy from syngas. These apparatus and processes include, but are not limited to, reforming, gasification, partial oxidation, swing technologies and membranes. Introduces numerical modeling and the simulation of syngas production processes and apparatus Describes numerical models and simulation procedures utilized for syngas purification processes and equipment Discusses modelling and simulation of processes using syngas as a source for producing chemicals and power
Chemical looping technologies can be used as an advanced reforming technology, capable of efficiently generating syngas to serve as a feedstock in a variety of important chemical industries. The pressure of the syngas feedstock to downstream chemical synthesis reactors is an important characteristic that can dictate the products and overall plant economics. While most chemical synthesis reactors, such as Fischer-Tropsch and methanol synthesis reactors, operate at high pressures, most chemical looping reforming studies have been conducted under atmospheric conditions. The high thermodynamic yields from the atmospheric chemical looping reformer run counter to the high conversion of the pressurized downstream reactors. Therefore, this study seeks to quantify the impact of the operating conditions of the chemical looping reformer on the overall system yields. Specifically, The Ohio State University methane to syngas process is analyzed, which uses a cocurrent moving bed fuel/reducer reactor and a fluidized bed air/combustor reactor. The syngas generation results are compared under a variety of operating conditions with the pressure varied between 1 and 30 atm. Initial studies are compared in an isothermal analysis to study the effect of variables, independent of operating temperature. The resulting isothermal analysis is used to guide an adiabatic reactor configuration in an attempt to develop an autothermal chemical looping system. The gas feedstocks, solid feedstocks, operating temperature, feedstock preheating conditions, and system pressure are all analyzed. The results of the autothermal chemical looping system are then integrated into a ~5000 MWth natural gas to liquid fuels plant, in which a chemical looping reformer replaces an autothermal reformer reactor. The study shows that operation of the chemical looping process allows for equivalent syngas yield compared to the autothermal reformer with a 7-13% reduction in natural gas feedstock. Lastly, a novel operating strategy is described in which the chemical looping reducer operates at higher pressure and the chemical looping combustor operates at atmospheric conditions. Such an operating strategy takes advantage of the air and natural gas feedstock pressures to the chemical looping system and is able to eliminate a significant amount of compression energy and equipment. Using the differential operating strategy allows equivalent syngas production to the baseline with a 7% decrease in natural gas usage and ~200 MWe increase in electricity production. A capital cost comparison of the equivalent pressure and differential pressure chemical looping systems indicate a 29% reduction in capital costs when using the differential pressure chemical looping system.
This book presents the current carbonaceous fuel conversion technologies based on chemical looping concepts in the context of traditional or conventional technologies. The key features of the chemical looping processes, their ability to generate a sequestration-ready CO2 stream, are thoroughly discussed. Chapter 2 is devoted entirely to the performance of particles in chemical looping technology and covers the subjects of solid particle design, synthesis, properties, and reactive characteristics. The looping processes can be applied for combustion and/or gasification of carbon-based material such as coal, natural gas, petroleum coke, and biomass directly or indirectly for steam, syngas, hydrogen, chemicals, electricity, and liquid fuels production. Details of the energy conversion efficiency and the economics of these looping processes for combustion and gasification applications in contrast to those of the conventional processes are given in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.Finally, Chapter 6 presents additional chemical looping applications that are potentially beneficial, including those for H2 storage and onboard H2 production, CO2 capture in combustion flue gas, power generation using fuel cell, steam-methane reforming, tar sand digestion, and chemicals and liquid fuel production. A CD is appended to this book that contains the chemical looping simulation files and the simulation results based on the ASPEN Plus software for such reactors as gasifier, reducer, oxidizer and combustor, and for such processes as conventional gasification processes, Syngas Chemical Looping Process, Calcium Looping Process, and Carbonation-Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.
Covers the timely topic of fuel cells and hydrogen-based energy from its fundamentals to practical applications Serves as a resource for practicing researchers and as a text in graduate-level programs Tackles crucial aspects in light of the new directions in the energy industry, in particular how to integrate fuel processing into contemporary systems like nuclear and gas power plants Includes homework-style problems
1. Routes to syngas. 1.1. General trends. 1.2. Manufacture by steam reforming of hydrocarbons. 1.3. Other manufacture routes. 1.4. Other feedstocks. 1.5. Gas treatment -- 2. Syngas applications. 2.1. Thermodynamic framework for syngas processes. 2.2. Hydrogen. 2.3. Fuel cells. 2.4. CO rich gases. 2.5. Ammonia. 2.6. Methanol and synfuels. 2.7. Chemical recuperation -- 3. Technology of steam reforming. 3.1. Early developments. 3.2. Steam reforming reactors. 3.3. Modelling of steam reforming reactors. 3.4. Modelling of the catalyst particle. 3.5. Reaction kinetics -- 4. Catalyst properties and activity. 4.1. Catalyst structure and stability. 4.2. Nickel surface area. 4.3. Catalyst activity -- 5. Carbon and sulphur. 5.1. Secondary phenomena. 5.2. Carbon formation. 5.3. Steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons. 5.4. Sulphur poisoning of reforming reactions. 5.5. Sulphur passivated reforming. 5.6. Other poisons -- 6. Catalysis of steam reforming. 6.1. Historical perspective. 6.2. The role of step sites. 6.3. Geometric or electronic effects. 6.4. Metal activity. Micro-kinetics. 6.5. The parallel approach
Provides an overview of the different pathways to produce Synthetic Natural Gas Covers technological, and economic aspects of this Synthetic Natural Gas Details the most popular technologies and state-of-the-art of SNG technologies while also covering recent and future research trends Covers the main process steps during conversion of coal and dry biomass to SNG: gasification, gas cleaning, methanation and gas upgrading Describes a number of novel processes for the production of SNG with their specific combination of process steps as well as the boundary conditions Covers important technical aspects of Power-to-Gas processes
Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Production and Preparation is a collection of various chapters concerning many aspects of syngas production technologies, including common methods like gasification, steam/dry/autothermal reforming, membrane technology, etc., along with novel methods like plasma technology, micro-reactors, electrolysis processes as well as photocatalytic systems. In addition, different sources for producing syngas, including oil, crude oil, heavy oil, microalgae, black liquor, tar and bitumen, as well as municipal, agricultural, food, plastic, wood and cardboard wastes are described in detail. Introduces syngas characteristics and its properties Describes various methods and technologies for producing syngas Discusses syngas production from different roots and feedstocks