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The steel industry continues to remain a highly dynamic sector that must repeatedly face new challenges. During recent years, key factors have been the consolidation of new technologies, the marketing of new steel grades and the development of new products. Innovation, cost-reduction and environmental conservation are challenges that all of the players in the steel world - i.e. industry, research and academia - have to confront every day. Microalloying is one of the principal actors in this struggle.
The technology of microallyoing is now, at the end of the 20th century, widely accepted. This is possibly due to the attractive balance of properties which is achievable with the correct control of the interaction between steel chemistry and processing parameters. Microalloying is applied to a wide range of products and has two main goals: to improve the mechanical properties and to save costs.
The microstructures of both martensite and bainite, although sharing some common features, depict a plethora of subtle differences that made them unique when studied in further detail. Tailoring the final properties of a microstructure based on one or the other as well as in combination with others and exploring more sophisticated concepts, such as Q&P and nanostructured bainite, are the topics which are the focus of research around the world. In understanding the key microstructural parameters controlling the final properties as well as definition of adequate process parameters to attain the desired microstructures requires that a proper understanding of the mechanism ruling their transformation and a detailed characterization first be acheived. The development of new and powerful scientific techniques and equipment (EBSD, APT, HRTEM, etc.) allow us to gain fundamental insights that help to establish some of the principles by which those microstructures are known. The developments accompanying such findings lead to further developments and intensive research providing the required metallurgical support.