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The essence of problem-based learning is that a group of eight to 10 students decide for themselves what they need to study after discussing trigger material, such as a written problem. After a few days of self-study, they meet to share, compare, and relate what they have found to the original trigger matter, and to see if they have covered enough ground. Problem-based learning, as currently employed in medical education, originated at McMaster University in Canada, and has been adopted by about one-quarter of all medical schools in the US and about one-half of those in Canada, with Europe and the rest of the world catching up rapidly. Despite the widespread use of problem-based learning in higher education (including medicine, dentistry, health sciences, law, economics and mathematics), there has until now been a serious lack of published practical advice of both students and teachers. This is a 'how to do it' book, intended for students, teachers and those still at school who are trying to decide whether or not to choose a medical school that uses problem-based learning or one that has a more traditional approach to medical education. After a brief introduction, the book explains what problem-based learning is and how it works, and how it fits in with what we know about how adults learn. There are chapters on how to design problems and trigger material, how a tutorial group works, and how self-assessment, peer-assessment and tutor assessment are undertaken. There is practical advice for students, e.g. how to make the transition from a traditional school education to a much more self-directed kind of activity, in which it might be easy to get lost without some practical guidance at the outset. There is practical advice for teachers, who have the job of helping students adapt and cope with the sudden change of no longer being told what to do. The book concludes with chapters on serious pitfalls and a brief discussion of what problem-based learning can be expected to achieve. STEPS IN THE TUTORIAL PROCESS IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING Steps 1 to 7: 1. Clarify unfamiliar terms 2. Define the problem(s) 3. Brainstorm possible hypotheses or explanations 4. Arrange explanations into a tentative solution 5. Define learning objectives 6. Gather information and private study 7. Share the results of information gathering and private study Steps 5 to 8 within a clinical medical curriculum: 5. Define learning objectives and requisite clinical experience 6. Gather information and requisite clinical experience 7. Share the results of information gathering and private study 8. Discuss clinical experience
The Fifth Edition of the highly praised Practical Guide for Medical Teachers provides a bridge between the theoretical aspects of medical education and the delivery of enthusiastic and effective teaching in basic science and clinical medicine. Healthcare professionals are committed teachers and this book is an essential guide to help them maximise their performance. - This highly regarded book recognises the importance of educational skills in the delivery of quality teaching in medicine. - The contents offer valuable insights into all important aspects of medical education today. - A leading educationalist from the USA joins the book's editorial team. - The continual emergence of new topics is recognised in this new edition with nine new chapters: The role of patients as teachers and assessors; Medical humanities; Decision-making; Alternative medicine; Global awareness; Education at a time of ubiquitous information; Programmative assessment; Student engagement; and Social accountability. - An enlarged group of authors from more than 15 countries provides both an international perspective and a multi-professional approach to topics of interest to all healthcare teachers.
In this book, the authors address some basic problems in the learning of biomedical science, medicine, and the other health sciences. Students in most medical schools, especially in basic science courses, are required to memorize a large number of "facts," facts which may or may not be relevant to medical practice. Problem-based learning has two fundamental postulates--the learning through problem-solving is much more effective for creating a body of knowledge usable in the future, and that physician skills most important for patients are problem-solving skills, rather than memory skills. This book presents the scientific basis of problem-based learning and goes on to describe the approaches to problem-based medical learning that have been developed over the years at McMaster University, largely by Barrows and Tamblyn.
Problem-based learning (PBL) is becoming widely used in higher education. Popular in the medical sciences, PBL is now finding applications beyond - in engineering, sciences and architecture - and is widely applicable in many fields. It is a powerful teaching technique that appeals to students and educators alike. This book will be of great value to those who want to improve their use of PBL and for those who want to learn more and implement it. It provides compelling accounts of experiences with PBL from eight countries including the UK, US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and gives readers the opportunity to understand PBL and to develop strategies for their own curriculum, in any subject and at many levels.
Provides one-of-a-kind, in-depth guidance for improving effectiveness in the classroom This is the only book for new and midcareer faculty that delivers practical, evidence-based strategies for physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other clinical professionals teaching in advanced health provider education programs. The text disseminates interprofessional teaching and learning strategies that can be used across the gamut of advanced clinical disciplines. It also features sample curricula and syllabi, lecture tips, evaluation strategies, and in-depth information about state-of-the-art technology and virtual classrooms. Key pedagogical principles set a firm foundation for both novice and experienced educators, and practical applications and case examples integrated into each chapter offer concrete reinforcement. The text describes how to design and implement a curriculum that promotes cognitive diversity and inclusion, and examines ways to encourage leadership and scholarship. It addresses methods for fostering active learning and clinical reasoning through the use of technology, simulation, distance education, and student-centered pedagogy. Edited by experienced PA and NP faculty who are leaders in interprofessional education, the book distills the insight and expertise of top PA, nursing, and physician educators and provides valuable tools that help faculty become effective educators in the U.S. and abroad. Key Features: Delivers cutting-edge "tools of the trade" for advanced health professions educators Provides evidence-based strategies for interprofessional education Describes key pedagogical principles for both beginner and advanced educators •Includes strategies to promote cognitive diversity and inclusion in the teaching environment Weaves practical applications and case examples into each chapter Offers strategies for faculty to establish and maintain work-life balance
Teaching Anatomy: A Practical Guide is the first book designed to provide highly practical advice to both novice and experienced gross anatomy teachers. The volume provides a theoretical foundation of adult learning and basic anatomy education and includes chapters focusing on specific issues that teachers commonly encounter in the diverse and challenging scenarios in which they teach. The book is designed to allow teachers to adopt a student-centered approach and to be able to give their students an effective and efficient overall learning experience. Teachers of gross anatomy and other basic sciences in undergraduate healthcare programs will find in this unique volume invaluable information presented in a problem-oriented, succinct, and user-friendly format. Developed by renowned, expert authors, the chapters are written concisely and in simple language, and a wealth of text boxes are provided to bring out key points, to stimulate reflection on the reader’s own situation, and to provide additional practical tips. Educational theories are selectively included to explain the theoretical foundation underlying practical suggestions, so that teachers can appropriately modify the strategies described in the book to fit their own educational environments. Comprehensive and a significant contribution to the literature, Teaching Anatomy: A Practical Guide is an indispensable resource for all instructors in gross anatomy.
This complete guide to problem-based learning (PBL) in medicine and health professions explains the aims and essential elements of PBL and provides keys for successfully working in small groups.
Few faculty members in academic medical centres are formally prepared for their roles as teachers. This work is an introductory text designed to provide medical teachers with the core concepts of effective teaching practice and information about innovations for curriculum design, delivery, and assessment. It offers brief, focused chapters with content that is easily assimilated by the reader. Topics are relevant to basic science and clinical teachers, and the work does not presume readers possess prerequisite knowledge of education theory or instructional design. The authors emphasize application of concepts to teaching practice. Topics include: Helping Students Learn; Teaching Large Groups; Teaching in Small Groups; Problem Based Learning; Team-Based Learning, Teaching Clinical Skills; Teaching with Simulation; Teaching with Practicals and Labs; Teaching with Technological Tools; Designing a Course; Assessing Student Performance; Documenting the Trajectory of your Teaching and Teaching as Scholarship. Chapters were written by leaders in medical education and research who draw upon extensive professional experience and the literature on best practices in education. Although designed for teachers, the work reflects a learner-centred perspective and emphasizes outcomes for student learning. The book is accessible and visually interesting, and the work contains information that is current, but not time-sensitive. The work includes recommendations for additional reading and an appendix with resources for medical education.
Providing an overview of the current state of problem based learning online, this book examines why we're moving from face-to-face to online provision, considers existing forms of provision, outlines common mistakes and strategies to avoid future problems, and shows how to effectively facilitate learning.
Problem-based learning (PBL) has excited interest among educators around the world for several decades. Among the most notable applications of PBL is the approach taken at the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life sciences (FHML) at Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Starting in 1974 as a medical school, the faculty embarked on the innovative pathway of problem-based learning, trying to establish a medical training program which applied recent insights of education which would be better adapted to the needs of the modem physician. The medical school, currently part of the FHML, can be considered as an 'established' school, where original innovations and educational changes have become part of a routine. The first book to bring this wealth of information together, Lessons from Problem-based Learning documents those findings and shares the experiences of those involved, to encourage further debate and refinement of problem-based learning in specific applications elsewhere and in general educational discussion and thought. Each chapter provides a description of why and what has been done in the Maastricht program, followed by reflection on the benefits and issues that have arisen for these developments. The final section of the book examines the application of PBL in the future, and how it is likely to develop further.