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Advances in Geophysics Supplement 2
The first effective seismographs were built between 1879 and 1890. In 1885, E. S. Holden, an astronomer and then president of the University of California, instigated the purchase of the best available instruments of the time "to keep a register of all earthquake shocks in order to be able to control the positions of astronomical instruments." These seismographs were installed two years later at Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton and at the Berkeley campus of the University. Over the years those stations have been upgraded and joined by other seismographic stations administered at Berkeley, to become the oldest continuously operating stations in the Western Hemisphere. The first hundred years of the Seismographic Stations of the University of California at Berkeley, years in which seismology has often assumed an unforeseen role in issues of societal and political importance, ended in 1987. To celebrate the centennial a distinguished group of fellows, staff, and friends of the Stations met on the Berkeley campus in May 1987. The papers they presented are gathered in this book, a distillation of the current state of the art in observatory seismology. Ranging through subjects of past, present, and future seismological interest, they provide a benchmark reference for years to come. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1989.
The theme of the 15th International Acoustic Emission Symposium (IAES15) was set as 'practicality for life-extension and maintenance of plants and structures'. Special emphasis was placed on the review of acoustic emission (AE) research and applications in the 20th century and its future in the 21st century. The technique for monitoring defects and abnormal vibrations due to machine failures is vitally important for the safety of structures in a modern society. AE, as a passive, rather than an active NDT method, has drawn much attention because of its applicability to on-stream surveillance of structures. One important point is its capability to acquire data very simply but with high sensitivity so that the development of a non-contact sensing technique is particularly important. A quantitative method to evaluate structural integrity and remaining life from the detected AE signals is strongly required. Quantitative analysis, based on inverse procedures, has provided a certain solution, but has not been utilized widely enough in structures due to its complexity. Its applicability is limited partly because the accuracy of solutions depends on noise levels and partly because the phenomenon is usually non-reproducible. AE is expected to be a next-generation technique not only to monitor conditions but also for the repair of damaged structures, combined with an active-adaptive technique using a 'solid state actuator'. 'Smart Materials and Structures' are known in this respect. AE is considered to be a very promising technique, together with such sensing techniques as optical fiber, shape memory alloy and electro-rheological fluid. Thus, AE can play a very important roll in monitoring, evaluating and repairing structures. In this workshop, a limited number of invited papers are presented for technical discussion to review the achievements of AE research and applications in the 20th century. The proceedings are entitled Acoustic Emission - Beyond the Millennium to celebrate the new millennium, and stepping forward to a new era. The authors and topics of these review papers were selected by the editorial board.
A damaging earthquake with intensity VII MSK and local magni= tude 5. 1 occurred on November 8, 1983, at 0:49 GMT near the Belgium town of Liege in the border region between Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. This most severe earthquake in the northwestern part of Central Europe since more than thirty years has well been recorded by the dense seismic station network in West Germany which consists of more than twenty stations situated in the Lower Rhine Embayment and in the adjoining Rhenish Massif. Most of the stations are equipped with modern digital recording systems. Thus high-quality seismograms are available from the region east and southeast of the epicenter covering a distance range between 70 km and 144 km. From these data the source characteristics of the Liege mainshock and of its largest after= shock have been determined in order to get more information on the seismotectonic processes causing the Liege events. 2. Seismic Station Network During the period of 1976 to 1982 the seismic station network in the Lower Rhine Embayment and in the Rhenish Massif was consi= derably enlarged and mostly equipped with digital recording systems (Figure 1). At present there are more than twenty stations in operation. Most of them are operated by the Department of Earthquake Geology of the Geological Institute of the University of Cologne and the Geo= logical Survey of Nordrhein-Westfalen at Krefeld.
This work provides an up-to-date overview of modern instruments used in earthquake seismology as well as a description of theoretical and practical aspects of seismic instrumentation. The main topics are: • Choosing and installing equipment for seismic stations • Designing and setting up seismic networks and arrays • Maintaining and calibrating seismic instruments It also provides detailed descriptions of the following: • Seismic sensors • Digitizers • Seismic recorders • Communication systems • Software used for seismic station and networks In this second edition, new seismic equipment is presented and more comprehensive sections on topics like MEMS accelerometers, sigma-delta AD converters, dynamic range discussion and virtual networks have been included. This book is primarily intended for seismologists, engineers and technicians working with seismological instruments. It combines practical “know-how” with sufficient theory to explain the basic principles, making it also suitable for teaching students the most important aspects of seismic instrumentation. The book also gives a current overview of the majority of instruments and instrument manufacturers on the market, making it easy to compare the capability of instruments from different sources. SEISAN software was used for several examples in the book. This widely extended seismic analysis software is freely available from the University of Bergen website. The content of this book draws on the authors’ (a seismologist and a physicist) combined experience of working in this field for more than 35 years.
By the year 2000, the number of people at risk from volcanic hazards is likely to increase to around half a billion. Since 1980, significant advances have been made in volcano monitoring, the data from which provides the sole scientific basis for eruption prediction. Here, internationally renowned and highly experienced specialists provide 25 comprehensive articles covering a wide range of related topics: monitoring techniques and data analysis; modelling of monitoring data and eruptive phenomena; volcanic hazards and risk assessment; and volcanic emergency management. Selected case histories of recent volcanic disasters, such as Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, demonstrate that effective communication - between scientists, civil authorities, the media and the population at risk - is essential to reducing the danger.