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We study the price discovery of municipal bonds, an important OTC market. As in markets for consumer goods, prices quot;rise faster than they fall.quot; Round-trip profits to dealers on retail trades increase in rising markets but do not decrease in falling markets. Effective half-spreads increase or decrease more when movements in fundamentals favor dealers. Yield spreads relative to treasuries also adjust with asymmetric speed in rising and falling markets. Intra-day price dispersion is asymmetric in rising and falling markets, as consumer search theory would predict.
The Area of Research and the Object of Investigation In this thesis we will investigate trading strategies in illiquid markets from a market microstructure perspective. Market microstructure is the academic term for the branch of financial economics that investigates trading and the organization of security markets, see, e. g. , Harris (2002). Historically, exchanges evolved as a location, where those interested in buy ing or selling securities could meet physically to transact. Thus, traditionally security trading was organized on exchange floors, where so-called dealers arranged all trades and provided liquidity by quoting prices at which they were willing buy or sell. Consequently, the initial surge of the market mi crostructure literature focused predominantly on this type of market design, which is often referred to as quote-driven. Nowadays, the interest is shifting towards order-driven markets. Beginning with the Toronto Stock Exchange in the mid 1970s and increasing in fre quency and scope, this market structure has emerged as the preeminent form of security trading worldwide. In order-driven markets, exchanges arrange trades by matching public orders, often by employing automatic execution systems. Introduction A major difference between a quote-driven and an order-driven market arises from the transparency pre- and post-trade. The pre-trade transparency con cerns the question whether the order book is visible to the keeper only, or whether it is open to the public.
This book is the first that describes the practices of any stock exchange; it makes evident a high development of practices, with puts, calls, pools, and manipulations; and it appeared as early as the seventeenth century. Not inappropriately the stock exchange described is that of Amsterdam, a city which at the date of the volume’s publication —1688 — was still the leading financial center of the world. The book, to be sure, is hardly a systematic account of the institution; the author pursued moral, philosophical, and rhetorical objectives, and, while saying a lot that seems now to be of little value, manages somehow to leave unsaid a great deal that would be of interest for us. Nevertheless, it represents, even in its peculiar form, a really important source of information about the stock exchange, and indeed about the Dutch business world of that period.
This open access book addresses four standard business school subjects: microeconomics, macroeconomics, finance and information systems as they relate to trading, liquidity, and market structure. It provides a detailed examination of the impact of trading costs and other impediments of trading that the authors call rictions It also presents an interactive simulation model of equity market trading, TraderEx, that enables students to implement trading decisions in different market scenarios and structures. Addressing these topics shines a bright light on how a real-world financial market operates, and the simulation provides students with an experiential learning opportunity that is informative and fun. Each of the chapters is designed so that it can be used as a stand-alone module in an existing economics, finance, or information science course. Instructor resources such as discussion questions, Powerpoint slides and TraderEx exercises are available online.
Automated trade execution systems are examined with respect to the degree to which they automate the price discovery process. Seven levels of automation of price discovery are identified, and 47 systems are classified according to these criteria. Systems operating at various levels of automation are compared with respect to age, geographical location, and type of securities traded. Information provided to market participants, and asymmetries of information between traders with direct access to the automated market and outside investors also are examined. It is found, for example, that the degree of asymmetric information increases with the level of automation of price discovery. The potential for trading abuses related to prearranged trading, noncompetitive execution, and trading ahead of customers is analyzed for each level of automation. Certain levels of automation widen the opportunities for trading abuses in some respects, but may narrow them in others.
A comprehensive and in-depth look at exchange-rate dynamics Variations in the foreign exchange market influence all aspects of the world economy, and understanding these dynamics is one of the great challenges of international economics. This book provides a new, comprehensive, and in-depth examination of the standard theories and latest research in exchange-rate economics. Covering a vast swath of theoretical and empirical work, the book explores established theories of exchange-rate determination using macroeconomic fundamentals, and presents unique microbased approaches that combine the insights of microstructure models with the macroeconomic forces driving currency trading. Macroeconomic models have long assumed that agents—households, firms, financial institutions, and central banks—all have the same information about the structure of the economy and therefore hold the same expectations and uncertainties regarding foreign currency returns. Microbased models, however, look at how heterogeneous information influences the trading decisions of agents and becomes embedded in exchange rates. Replicating key features of actual currency markets, these microbased models generate a rich array of empirical predictions concerning trading patterns and exchange-rate dynamics that are strongly supported by data. The models also show how changing macroeconomic conditions exert an influence on short-term exchange-rate dynamics via their impact on currency trading. Designed for graduate courses in international macroeconomics, international finance, and finance, and as a go-to reference for researchers in international economics, Exchange-Rate Dynamics guides readers through a range of literature on exchange-rate determination, offering fresh insights for further reading and research. Comprehensive and in-depth examination of the latest research in exchange-rate economics Outlines theoretical and empirical research across the spectrum of modeling approaches Presents new results on the importance of currency trading in exchange-rate determination Provides new perspectives on long-standing puzzles in exchange-rate economics End-of-chapter questions cement key ideas
This paper examines the relative liquidity and rate of price discovery on floor-based versus screen-based trading systems in the Japanese Yen, British Pound, and Euro foreign exchange futures markets traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Intra-day data from January 2, 2003 through March 5, 2004 are used in our analysis. We find that liquidity, measured by bid-ask spreads, is tighter in the automated trading system before and after controlling for such variables as price volatility and trading volume. For trading that occurred during the earlier part of the sample period, i.e., calendar year 2003, floor-based trading typically contributed more to price discovery in the Japanese Yen and British Pound markets. However, in the latter part of the sample period, i.e., calendar year 2004, screen trading took the dominant role and contributed more to price discovery in these same markets. Automated trading dominated price discovery in the Euro foreign exchange futures market during the entire 2003-2004 sample period. The results of our regression analysis support the hypothesis that relative liquidity and operational efficiency jointly influence the contribution shares in the price discovery process.
Price discovery is a crucial and essential function performed by futures markets. From a futures exchange's perspective, its markets' ability to aggregate and incorporate information into prices to 'derive' the spot asset's fundamental value is a key objective of market design. We modify the Glosten-Hasbrouck model to examine the ex-ante design on ex-post price discovery of a futures market. First, we extend the model to consider a richer dynamic interaction between the price-size coordinates of orders and trades. Second, we provide two preliminary exercises to demonstrate how the presence of the contract multiplier and delayed publication of block trades affect subsequent price discovery. Despite the comprehensiveness of market design considerations, our extended base case model offers a flexible and tractable framework to guide a futures exchange in the configuration of its trading environment.
We investigate the mechanism by which price discovery takes place within the futures market for U.S Treasury securities. Specifically, given the strong theoretical linkage between the U.S. Treasury cash and futures markets, we compare how orderflow contributes to price discovery as well as analyze how and when information flows from one market to the other. We also consider how a number of environmental variables (trader type, financing rates and liquidity) impact the information flows between these two markets. Our findings provide new evidence on the extent to which price discovery happens away from a primary market.