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While the surface temperature of a heat-generating solid body can be measured using a variety of methods, there is a scarcity of techniques that exist for non-invasively measuring the temperature inside the solid body. Internal temperature measurement is very desirable as mere measurement of surface temperature gives no indication of the internal temperature. The highest temperature, usually located at the core of the body, dictates system performance and safety. For example, Li-ion cells provide good energy storage and conversion characteristics, but unfortunately suffer from safety problems related to overheating due to insufficient heat removal during operation. The following thesis presents a technique to non-invasively measure the core temperature of a heat generating solid body for both steady state and transient cases, utilizing the theoretical relationship between the core and surface temperatures of the body. This method is experimentally validated by determining the core temperature of various heat generating cylindrical bodies - a thermal test cell and a Li-ion cell - using infrared temperature measurement on the surface, and comparing with measurements from embedded thermocouples within each cell. There is excellent agreement throughout the heat generation period between the predicted core temperature and measurements from the embedded thermocouple. These measurements demonstrate an accurate, non-invasive measurement method for real-time, core temperature monitoring. This thesis also investigates thermal performance of a Li-ion cell with a heat pipe inserted into the core. It is shown that active cooling of the protruding tip of the heat pipe results in maximum thermal benefit, which is shown to reduce the core temperature to as low as, or even lower than the surface temperature. This work contributes towards fundamental thermal metrology, and toward effective thermal management techniques for future Li-ion cell manufacturer designs, with possible applications in a wide variety of engineering systems.
Core body temperature is an important physiological parameter used to identify whether a patient displays a normal, hypothermic, or hyperthermic state. It is routinely monitored during cardiac surgeries and general anesthesia. Currently, the most effective methods for measuring core body temperature are also the most invasive. While select devices have been designed to enable surface recording of internal temperature, none have been implemented in U.S.-based hospitals. The objective of this study was to create a noninvasive core temperature sensor and evaluate its potential of becoming a widely used clinical tool. In tissue phantom and human-based experiments, the prototype performed effectively and posed no safety risk. Provided the prototype can be successfully translated into a more streamlined medical device, it stands to become a staple in operating rooms around the nation.
This exciting book describes the latest technology in non-invasive thermometry that measures temperature distribution, with discussions focusing on image-based techniques. This is the first book devoted entirely to this topic. An international team of experts detail all important techniques for possible non-invasive thermometry. Descriptions of each technique explain in depth the principles of measurement, the measurement system, obtained temperature image, and the future prospects for the method.
The physiology of man is a complex subject. Unfortunately the regulation of temperature in the human body is not always well explained in textbooks. Many conference proceedings on the subject have been produced that give excellent detail on research topics. However, the subject matter is rarely presented as a composite whole. New technology has broadened the scope of methods available for studying body temperature. Thermography in particular has made it possible to record in real time the temperature distribution of large areas of the body surface. Modem image processing methods permit dynamic studies to be carried out and detailed analyses made retrospectively-a tremendous advance over the complex and slow techniques formerly used by physiologists. Yet although the associa tion between disease and temperature is as old as medicine itself, beyond the implicit faith in the clinical mercury thermometer, other measuring techniques are finding a slow acceptance. This book is designed to put into perspective the critical factors that make up "body temperature. " Body temperature cannot be viewed as a static entity but rather must be seen as a dynamic process. An understanding of this phenomenon is important to all who use thermal imaging and measuring techniques in clinical medi cine. These methods have, in recent years, brought engineers, physi cists, technicians, and clinicians together. Inevitably, however, there v vi Preface are gaps and overlaps in technology and understanding.
This study compares and contrasts the ability of three different mathematical modeling techniques to predict individual-specific body core temperature variations during physical activity. The techniques include a first-principles, physiology-based (SCENARIO) model, a purely data-driven model, and a hybrid model that combines first-principles and data-driven components to provide an early, short-term (20-30 min ahead) warning of an impending heat injury. Their performance is investigated using two distinct datasets, a Field study and a Laboratory study. The results indicate that, for up to a 30 min prediction horizon, the purely data-driven model is the most accurate technique, followed by the hybrid. For this prediction horizon, the first-principles SCENARIO model produces root mean square prediction errors that are twice as large as those obtained with the other two techniques. Another important finding is that, if properly regularized and developed with representative data, data-driven and hybrid models can be made portable from individual to individual and across studies, thus significantly reducing the need for collecting developmental data and constructing and tuning individual-specific models.
How do mammals manage to maintain their body temperature within the same narrow range in environments as different as polar regions and hot deserts? This advanced text describes the morphological features and physiological mechanisms by which humans and other mammals maintain their body temperature within a narrow range despite large variations in climatic conditions and internal heat production. Its 19 chapters deal with the physics of heat exchange with the environment, and the autonomic and behavioural mechanisms available to control the loss and production of heat. The neuronal basis of temperature regulation and current concepts of the central nervous interface between temperature signals generated in the body and control mechanisms are examined in detail. This book is of invaluable help for undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers, physicians and scientists.
This book addresses the application of infrared thermography in sports, examining the main benefits of this non-invasive, non-radiating and low-cost technique. Aspects covered include the detection of injuries in sports medicine, the assessment of sports performance due to the existing link between physical fitness and thermoregulation and the analysis of heat transfer for sports garments and sports equipment. Although infrared thermography is broadly considered to be a fast and easy-to-use tool, the ability to deliver accurate and repeatable measurements is an important consideration. Furthermore, it is important to be familiar with the latest sports studies published on this technique to understand its potential and limitations. Accordingly, this book establishes a vital link between laboratory tests and the sports field.
Presents a modern vision of anaesthesia, integrating technology and knowledge, to change how anaesthesia is taught and practised.