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During the 1980s, many developing countries have entered into an explicit process of structural adjustment. The need for such adjustment has been brought about through combinations of external and internal shocks which have led to unsustainable external deficits. Adjustment is not costless. It calls for changes in the composition of output, with more emphasis being placed on exports, and an outward looking strategy. Therefore, there will be distributional effects with both gainers and losers. Who are the likely losers? Are they already in poverty? If so, how can the adjustment process be managed so as to protect them? This paper addresses these questions by putting forward a conceptual framework and implementing it for the specific case of Cote d'Ivoire. This paper is divided into five sections : 1) lays out the conceptual framework of analysis at the macro and micro level; 2) reviews the structural adjustment program in order to highlight salient features that relate to poverty alleviation; 3) develops an empirical poverty profile for 1985; 4) attempts to link the macroeconomic developments of 1980-85 to poverty; and finally 5) looks ahead and draws out some policy conclusions for future design of structural adjustment loans (SALs).
A publication having a provocative avocation, as does this book, is possible only with the support and sharp minds of many dedicated professionals. Contributions from colleagues on five continents enabled this research endeavor to mature from an urgent although poorly formulated idea some three years ago to a serious study of the environmental impacts of policy-based lending. It is nothing short of a privilege to have benefited from the dedication and support of so many gifted colleagues who helped steer this study through methodological, political, and logistical thickets of many kinds.
"IEG--Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank, IFC, MIGA."
Simpler and bigger are better, for household living standards surveys. And better collection of price data, in an independent survey, should be a priority.
Despite almost four decades and billions of dollars in development activities, we are barely in a position to track the changing dynamics of poverty or to define with conviction the processes that entrap the poor in their misery. Accounting for about 90% of global poverty, rural poverty, through transmigration, is also a main contributor to urban poverty. It is in the rural areas of the world where poverty is most severe in human terms, where the hunger, hopelessness, hardship, and despair commonly associated with entrenched poverty are most pronounced, where basic health services, sanitation, educational opportunities, and other common amenities are most lacking. The alleviation of rural poverty is therefore tantamount to the alleviation of global poverty in its entirety. The State of World Rural Poverty offers the first comprehensive look at the economic conditions and prospects of the world's rural poor.