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Placement of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment has become a central issue in special education. To date, no comprehensive treatment of placement issues is available, especially for students with emotional and behavioral disorders who present particularly difficult placement problems. This book combines data and discussions intended to further the understanding of how and why decisions are made to place students with emotional or behavioral disorders in particular educational environments. This volume establishes the problem of placement in a contemporary and historical context, reviews the literature on placement of students with emotional or behavioral disorders, and discusses placement options and concerns about multicultural issues, post-secondary education, law and regulation, demands on teachers, and policy choices. Its goals are to: * improve understanding of decision processes leading to placement, * set the stage for improvements in pupils' lives in school and elsewhere, and * stimulate research on the many placement issues that are left unresolved.
First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Originally published: Indianapolis, IN: Perspectives Press, 1991.
Embarking on a first practice placement can be an anxious experience for social work students. This textbook takes them step-by-step through the process, holding their hand through preparation for practice modules and during the course of the placement itself. Focusing on practicalities, knowledge, values and skills, the authors guide students through the challenges they may face. Chapters include numerous real-life case examples which reflect a range of varying placement contexts including different settings, service-user groups, locations and areas of practice. The book will help students become confident on placement and lead to rich placement experiences which will benefit them throughout the rest of their degree and upon entry to the profession. Your Social Work Practice Placements is essential reading for all social care students.
The majority of ITE students in Scotland are postgraduates with only one year to grasp the vast skills and knowledge required to become a primary teacher. Therefore, for many, school placement is a source of stress and worry. This book combines the information and support that students need to help them prepare for, enjoy and maximise the benefits of teaching placements for their professional development. It has been specifically written for the education system in Scotland, taking full account of the differences in practice and terminology that make English books of little use to trainees in Scotland.
On the basis of a 14-year follow-up study of 268 infants in residential care, the authors evaluate the relative merits of adoption, foster care, return to parents or extended family. They stress the significance of the absentee parent, of social work intervention, the advantages of late adoption and make a case for a new look at residential group care as a viable alternative for dependent children in placement. This is the only study to follow up over 14 years an entire population of infants in residential care. It contains comprehensive data on all placement alternatives to which these children were exposed including adoption. It evaluates the comparative impact of each of these placement paths on the subsequent life of the children and their families.
From my B.E.E degree at the University of Minnesota and right through my S.M. degree at M.I.T., I had specialized in solid state devices and microelectronics. I made the decision to switch to computer-aided design (CAD) in 1981, only a year or so prior to the introduction of the simulated annealing algorithm by Scott Kirkpatrick, Dan Gelatt, and Mario Vecchi of the IBM Thomas 1. Watson Research Center. Because Prof. Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, my UC Berkeley advisor, had been a consultant at IBM, I re ceived a copy of the original IBM internal report on simulated annealing approximately the day of its release. Given my background in statistical mechanics and solid state physics, I was immediately impressed by this new combinatorial optimization technique. As Prof. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli had suggested I work in the areas of placement and routing, it was in these realms that I sought to explore this new algorithm. My flJ'St implementation of simulated annealing was for an island-style gate array placement problem. This work is presented in the Appendix of this book. I was quite struck by the effect of a nonzero temperature on what otherwise appears to be a random in terchange algorithm.
The automated synthesis of mask geometry for VLSI leaf cells, referred to as the cell synthesis problem, is an important component of any structured custom integrated circuit design environment. Traditional approaches based on the classic functional cell style of Uehara & VanCleemput pose this problem as a straightforward one-dimensional graph optimization problem for which optimal solution methods are known. However, these approaches are only directly applicable to static CMOS circuits and they break down when faced with more exotic logic styles. Our methodology is centered around techniques for the efficient modeling and optimization of geometry sharing. Chains of diffusion-merged transistors are formed explicitly and their ordering optimized for area and global routing. In addition, more arbitrary merged structures are supported by allowing electrically compatible adjacent transistors to overlap during placement. The synthesis flow in TEMPO begins with a static transistor chain formation step. These chains are broken at the diffusion breaks and the resulting sub-chains passed to the placement step. During placement, an ordering is found for each chain and a location and orientation is assigned to each sub-chain. Different chain orderings affect the placement by changing the relative sizes of the sub-chains and their routing contribution. We conclude with a detailed routing step and an optional compaction step.