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A groundbreaking reinterpretation that draws on cognitive theory to show that belief wasn’t absent from—but rather was at the heart of—Roman religion Belief and Cult argues that belief isn’t uniquely Christian but was central to ancient Roman religion. Drawing on cognitive theory, Jacob Mackey shows that despite having nothing to do with salvation or faith, belief underlay every aspect of Roman religious practices—emotions, individual and collective cult action, ritual norms, social reality, and social power. In doing so, he also offers a thorough argument for the importance of belief to other non-Christian religions. At the individual level, the book argues, belief played an indispensable role in the genesis of cult action and religious emotion. However, belief also had a collective dimension. The cognitive theory of Shared Intentionality shows how beliefs may be shared among individuals, accounting for the existence of written, unwritten, or even unspoken ritual norms. Shared beliefs permitted the choreography of collective cult action and gave cult acts their social meanings. The book also elucidates the role of shared belief in creating and maintaining Roman social reality. Shared belief allowed the Romans to endow agents, actions, and artifacts with socio-religious status and power. In a deep sense, no man could count as an augur and no act of animal slaughter as a successful offering to the gods, unless Romans collectively shared appropriate beliefs about these things. Closely examining augury, prayer, the religious enculturation of children, and the Romans’ own theories of cognition and cult, Belief and Cult promises to revolutionize the understanding of Roman religion by demonstrating that none of its features makes sense without Roman belief.
H.C. Erik Midelfort has carved out a reputation for innovative work on early modern German history, with a particular focus on the social history of ideas and religion. This collection pulls together some of his best work on the related subjects of witchcraft, the history of madness and psychology, demonology, exorcism, and the social history of religious change in early modern Europe. Several of the pieces reprinted here constitute reviews of recent scholarly literature on their topics, while others offer sharp departures from conventional wisdom. A critique of Michel Foucault’s view of the history of madness proved both stimulating but irritating to Foucault’s most faithful readers, so it is reprinted here along with a short retrospective comment by the author. Another focus of this collection is the social history of the Holy Roman Empire, where towns, peasants, and noble families developed different perceptions of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations and of the options the religious revolutions of the sixteenth century offered. Finally, this collection also brings together articles which show how Freudian psychoanalysis and academic sociology have filtered and interpreted the history of early modern Germany.
"" For centuries its critics have argued that the Reformation was all about sex. Beyond the caricature, there is something significant in the observation. The theological revolution which began in Wittenberg and engulfed so much of early modern Europe was not confined to the cloister of the university; it had an immediate and palpable impact on everyday life. Historians such as Steven Ozment have done much to bring this dimension of the Reformation's impact into full view. Michael Parsons' important study, Reformation Marriage, continues this exploration. Aware of appeals made to the teaching of the Reformers by both sides of contemporary debates about gender and relational issues, Dr. Parsons allow us to hear Luther and Calvin for ourselves, locating their comments about family life against the background of medieval teaching on the subject and placing them in the context of each man's wider theological concerns. Here is careful and accessible scholarship that challenges popular misunderstandings about the contribution of the Reformation in this area."" --Mark D. Thompson, Moore Theological College, Sydney, Australia ""In the only book specifically on the subject to date, Michael Parsons investigates the theology of marriage in the writings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, carefully examining a daunting breadth of the Reformers' theological, exegetical, and homiletic works. He concentrates on the role of the wife in the conjugal relationship, but avoids the common polarity between the modern feminist critique of the woman's role in a Christian understanding of marriage and society, and those who simply ignore the gender difference between man and woman. While appreciating the questions raised by the modern liberationist and feminist scholars of the Reformers, Parsons believes they have generally failed to deal with the corpus of the Reformers in a sufficiently nuanced way. On the other hand, unlike some scholars who want to rescue these Reformers from contemporary criticism, Parsons carefully argues from wide primary evidence that neither Luther nor Calvin envisaged modifying the traditional hierarchal structure of marriage or the subordinationist conjugal relationship between man and woman. He refuses to turn the Reformers into pro-twenty-first-century thinkers, much as we might like them to conform more readily to our own contemporary attitudes. His interpretation therefore injects a much-needed dimension of historical realism into the ongoing scholarly debate on the Reformers' social theology."" --Rowan Strong, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Michael Parsons is Commissioning Editor for Paternoster Press and Associate Research Fellow at Spurgeon College, London. Previously, he was Director of Postgraduate Research at Vose Seminary, Perth, Western Australia. He lives with his wife and two children.
Martin Luther lived in a society in which malnourishment and hunger were widespread. Samuel Torvend estimates “that at least fifty if not sixty-five percent of the population were living on the edge of subsistence, unsure each day as to where they would find an adequate supply of food to feed themselves and family members.” In the midst of astounding wealth, the present time also witnesses much hunger and malnourishment throughout the world. Torvend claims that Luther, usually considered a reformer of theology, was committed to the reform of society. His theological project issued forth in a social ethic that addressed the growing incidence of hunger and homelessness in his own time. Yet as Luther’s fragmentary writings demonstrate, this theological and ethical project was, and continues to be, communicated through the practice of the reformed Mass. Torvend shows that Martin Luther was keenly aware of the needs of the poor. Along with all major interpreters, he too finds the center of Luther’s theology in the concept of God’s “alien righteousness,” the justification of the sinner by God’s sheer grace through faith. But he demonstrates that this conviction had profound implications for Luther’s understanding of the Christian life. The baptized were made free to live in this world as the “sacrament” of the living Christ, to engage this world as Christ had engaged the world of his time.
Violence against women and children has reached epidemic proportions. It cuts across all economic strata and is found in our urban centers and the farthest corners of the nation. This is the only sourcebook on domestic violence for clergy and counselors.
"In the past, scholars tended to treat the Reformation as a chapter in the history of ideas, emphasizing the thought of the major reformers and the changes in Christian doctrine. Today, however, more and more historians are asking how the revolution in theology affected the lives of ordinary men and women. Aware that religious faith is part of the larger cultural and material universe of early modern Europeans, these scholars have exploited hitherto neglected sources in an attempt to reconstruct the people's Reformation. The twelve essays commissioned for this collection represent the broad spectrum of recent scholarship in the social history of the German Reformation. Historians from various countries offer a panorama of different methodological approaches and thematic concerns. Some of the essays represent original research; others address current historiographical debates; still others offer concise syntheses of recently published monographs, including seminal works in German. The essays are centered around four themes: cities and the Reformation; the transmitting of the Reformation in print, ritual and song; women and the family; and lastly, the impact of the Reformation on education and other aspects of lay culture." -- Back cover.
How important was music to Martin Luther? Drawing on hundreds of liturgical documents, contemporary accounts of services, books on church music, and other sources, Joseph Herl rewrites the history of music and congregational song in German Lutheran churches. Herl traces the path of music and congregational song in the Lutheran church from the Reformation to 1800, to show how it acquired its reputation as the "singing church." In the centuries after its founding, in a debate that was to have a strong impact on Johann Sebastian Bach and his contemporaries, the Lutheran church was torn over a new style of church music that many found more entertaining than devotional. By the end of the eighteenth century, Lutherans were trying to hold their own against a new secularism, and many members of the clergy favored wholesale revision or even abandonment of the historic liturgy in order to make worship more relevant in contemporary society. Herl paints a vivid picture of these developments, using as a backdrop the gradual transition from a choral to a congregational liturgy. The author eschews the usual analyses of musical repertoire and deals instead with events, people and ideas, drawing readers inside the story and helping them sense what it must have been like to attend a Lutheran church in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. Parallel developments in Catholic churches are discussed, as are the rise of organ accompaniment of hymns and questions of musical performance practice. Although written with academic precision, the writing is clear and comprehensible to the nonspecialist, and entertaining anecdotes abound. Appendixes include translations of several important historical documents and a set of tables outlining the Lutheran mass as presented in 172 different liturgical orders. The bibliography includes 400 Lutheran church orders and reports of ecclesiastical visitations read by the author.
This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.
Renowned German social historian Heide Wunder refers to the cosmic image contained in the 1578 Book of Marital Discipline that characterizes the relationship between husband and wife. Today, "He is the sun, she is the moon" might be interpreted as a hierarchy of dominance and subordination. At the time it was used, however, sun and moon reflected the different but equal status of husband and wife. Wunder shows how the history of women and the history of gender relations can provide crucial insights into how societies organize themselves and provide resources for political action. She observes actual circumstances as well as the normative rules that were supposed to guide women's lives. We learn what skills were necessary to take charge of households, what people ate, how they furnished their homes, what birth control measures were available, what role women played in peasant protest. Wunder finds that, in addition to the history of losses and setbacks for women observed by so many current interpreters, there is a history of gains as well. The regency of noble women was normal, as was the shared responsibility of wife and husband in a peasant household, an artisan's workshop, or a merchant's business. Using sources as diverse as memoirs, wedding and funeral sermons, novels, and chronicles, and including a wealth of demographic information, Wunder reveals a surprising new image of early modern women and provides a richer interpretation of early modern Europe.
Contains the society's Report of the annual meeting, 1st- 1887-l9