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Math models may resolve about 10 particle-physics and astrophysics problems. The models use harmonic-oscillator math. The models correlate with Standard Model basic particles. The models seem to correlate with the following. A family of zero-mass bosons includes photons, gravitons, and spin-3 and spin-4 particles. Effects of the family govern the rate of expansion of the universe. Dark matter and dark energy consist of up to two kinds of stuff. One kind features peers of baryonic matter. The other kind includes fermions with spins 3/2 and 7/2. C, P, and T violations exceed amounts correlating with models limited to spins that do not exceed 1. Reactions led to matter/antimatter imbalance. Gravitons and some spin-1 bosons correlate with neutrino oscillations. Some ratios correlating with particle masses feature integers. Basic fermions have 3 generations. Possibly-infinite zero-point vacuum energy need not be a concern. Thomas J. Buckholtz invites you to read, enjoy, learn, and extend work Physics Beyond Spin One discusses.
This book contains a detailed and self-contained presentation of the replica theory of infinite range spin glasses. The authors also explain recent theoretical developments, paying particular attention to new applications in the study of optimization theory and neural networks. About two-thirds of the book are a collection of the most interesting and pedagogical articles on the subject.
This first open access volume of the handbook series contains articles on the standard model of particle physics, both from the theoretical and experimental perspective. It also covers related topics, such as heavy-ion physics, neutrino physics and searches for new physics beyond the standard model. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the "Particle Physics Reference Library" provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A, B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access
Many of the proposed solutions to the hierarchy and naturalness problems postulate new ̀̀partner'' fields to the Standard Model (SM) particles. Determining the spins of these new particles will be critical in distinguishing among the various possible SM extensions, yet proposed methods rely on the underlying models. We propose a new model-independent method for spin measurements which takes advantage of quantum interference among helicity states. By looking at the azimuthal angular dependence of the differential cross section in the production followed by decay of a new particle species one can determine its spin by looking at the various cosine modes. We demonstrate that this method will be able to discriminate scalar particles from higher spin states at the ILC, and discuss application to higher spins and possible uses at the LHC. Supersymmetry and Universal Extra Dimensions models prove problematic at the LHC because missing energy signatures result in too many unknowns while reconstructing events. However, warped extra dimension models in certain setups allow for events whose kinematics can be fully reconstructed. In such scenarios, the heavy spin-2 Kaluza-Klein (KK) graviton provides a unique signature with a $cos{(4 phi)}$ mode. We study the feasibility of this approach to measuring the spin of the KK graviton in the warped Randall-Sundrum Model at the LHC. In chapter 5 of this thesis, taking a phenomenological approach, we study a color sextet scalar at the LHC. We focus on the QCD production of a color sextet pair $Phi_6bar{Phi}_{6}$ through $gg$ fusion and $qbar{q}$ annihilation. Its unique coupling to $bar{psîc}psi$ allows the color sextet scalar to decay into same-sign diquark states, such as $Phi_6to tt/tt̂*$. We propose a new reconstruction in the multijet plus same sign dilepton with missing transverse energy samples ($bb+ell̂pmell̂pm+cancel{E}_T+Nj$, $Ngeq 6$) to search for on-shell $ttbar{t}bar{t}$ final states from sextet scalar pair production. Thanks to the large QCD production, the search covers the sextet mass range up to 1 TeV for 100 fb$̂{-1}$ integrated luminosity.
Based on the author’s well-established courses, Group Theory for the Standard Model of Particle Physics and Beyond explores the use of symmetries through descriptions of the techniques of Lie groups and Lie algebras. The text develops the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand these symmetries. After linking symmetries with conservation laws, the book works through the mathematics of angular momentum and extends operators and functions of classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. It then covers the mathematical framework for special relativity and the internal symmetries of the standard model of elementary particle physics. In the chapter on Noether’s theorem, the author explains how Lagrangian formalism provides a natural framework for the quantum mechanical interpretation of symmetry principles. He then examines electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions; spontaneous symmetry breaking; the elusive Higgs boson; and supersymmetry. He also introduces new techniques based on extending space–time into dimensions described by anticommuting coordinates. Designed for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, this text provides succinct yet complete coverage of the group theory of the symmetries of the standard model of elementary particle physics. It will help students understand current knowledge about the standard model as well as the physics that potentially lies beyond the standard model.
Theoretical physics and foundations of physics have not made much progress in the last few decades. Whether we are talking about unifying general relativity and quantum field theory (quantum gravity), explaining so-called dark energy and dark matter (cosmology), or the interpretation and implications of quantum mechanics and relativity, there is no consensus in sight. In addition, both enterprises are deeply puzzled about various facets of time including above all, time as experienced. The authors argue that, across the board, this impasse is the result of the "dynamical universe paradigm," the idea that reality is fundamentally made up of physical entities that evolve in time from some initial state according to dynamical laws. Thus, in the dynamical universe, the initial conditions plus the dynamical laws explain everything else going exclusively forward in time. In cosmology, for example, the initial conditions reside in the Big Bang and the dynamical law is supplied by general relativity. Accordingly, the present state of the universe is explained exclusively by its past. This book offers a completely new paradigm (called Relational Blockworld), whereby the past, present and future co-determine each other via "adynamical global constraints," such as the least action principle. Accordingly, the future is just as important for explaining the present as is the past. Most of the book is devoted to showing how Relational Blockworld resolves many of the current conundrums of both theoretical physics and foundations of physics, including the mystery of time as experienced and how that experience relates to the block universe.
Modern Quantum Mechanics is a classic graduate level textbook, covering the main quantum mechanics concepts in a clear, organized and engaging manner. The author, Jun John Sakurai, was a renowned theorist in particle theory. The second edition, revised by Jim Napolitano, introduces topics that extend the text's usefulness into the twenty-first century, such as advanced mathematical techniques associated with quantum mechanical calculations, while at the same time retaining classic developments such as neutron interferometer experiments, Feynman path integrals, correlation measurements, and Bell's inequality. A solution manual for instructors using this textbook can be downloaded from www.cambridge.org/9781108422413.
The world beyond Superstrings describes a world with dimensions smaller than Planck length (1.616229 x 10-35 [m] ). Since 1971 Superstrings within the dimensions of the Planck length have been considered the building elements for elementary particles . The question rises: What are Superstrings made of? What is the building material for Superstrings. What are the 10 dimensions? This book offers an attempt to find new answers beyond unknown borders. To find the new unknown boundaries we have to go back in time. Because when we start with the same mathematical equations, the same knowledge, the same procedures, we will always find the same outcome, the same answers. And soon we will believe that there is only one outcome. The only outcome within the Standard Model where we will find the same elementary particles grounded on the same Superstring Theory. To escape from the vicious circle in Quantum Mechanics, we have to leave the path of well known physics. We have to leave behind the founders of Quantum Physics. Great scientists like Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. We have to leave behind the safe path of well- known physics. We even have to leave behind the founders of classical physics. We have to leave behind a very special scientist like James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of Classical Electrodynamics. And when we walk all alone in darkness, wondering where to go, we have to remember the first beginning of the discovery of light. How a man, half a monk, half a scientist, like Isaac Newton discovered the first principles of the light when he saw the first secrets of light being revealed. When the pure white light was broken through a prism and separated in the colors of the rainbow. Isaac Newton was touched by the beauty of the light as well as in his religious way as well as in his scientific way. And that is the secret that the world has forgotten. Everything will be revealed to us, when we step down from our towers of power and kneel humble for the beauty of that what has been given to us. Because there is wisdom in beauty. There is knowledge in prayer. And the most powerful wisdom will be given to us out of love. Do not claim wisdom but receive it humble and enjoy the beauty of it. There is nothing more “non-scientific” in the world than to claim that we have found the “God’s particle”. There is nothing more arrogant in the world than to claim that we have found the theory of everything and that we have framed God into a quantum mechanical box. But when we make ourselves humble and kneel for the beauty of the world. When we open our heart for the love that is carried by the beauty, wisdom will come to us and answers will be given for free. Doors will be opened. And we will discover the secrets to open the hidden doors to the unknown worlds. When we go back in time, back to 1672 when Isaac Newton just had discovered the beauty of light, showing all its hidden colors. And we ask the “hidden world showing the beauty of light”: how can we build a world? We will simply find the answers. And knowledge will be given to us for free. Knowledge beyond Superstrings. Knowledge beyond 10-dimensional spaces. Because the world is always in balance. Newton’s second law of motions simply expresses the balance in nature. And balance will be our answer. To build a world, we have to build a world in balance. And that is the only knowledge that has been used to build a new theory beyond Superstrings and beyond 10-dimensional spaces. The discovery journey to this new theory beyond Superstrings will be lonely and dark. Because there will be no guidance from well known physics. Equations have to be reinvented. And the road will lead straight through faith and believe, through manipulation of truth, through political intrigues, through the darkness of the world. But there is always the hope that at the end of the tunnel of darkness, there will be light.
This book is a collection of theoretical advanced summer institute lectures by world experts in the field of collider physics and neutrinos, the two frontier areas of particle physics today. It is aimed at graduate students and beginning researchers, and as such, provides many pedagogical details not generally available in standard conference proceedings.
The past decade has witnessed dramatic developments in the field of theoretical physics. This book is a comprehensive introduction to these recent developments. It contains a review of the Standard Model, covering non-perturbative topics, and a discussion of grand unified theories and magnetic monopoles. It introduces the basics of supersymmetry and its phenomenology, and includes dynamics, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, and electric-magnetic duality. The book then covers general relativity and the big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cosmologies before discussing the spectra of known string theories and the features of their interactions. The book also includes brief introductions to technicolor, large extra dimensions, and the Randall-Sundrum theory of warped spaces. This will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics and cosmology. The book contains several problems, and password protected solutions will be available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9780521858410.