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Control Mechanisms in the Expression of Cellular Phenotypes documents the proceedings of a symposium of the International Society for Cell Biology. In progressively widening investigations, phenotypic expression has come to a critical focus not only in the developmental biology of animal and plant cells, but also in such fields as immunology, cytogenetics, enzymatic regulation, and tumor biology. It was for this reason that the present symposium was organized as a means of bringing together investigators of widely different backgrounds. The contributions made by researchers at the symposium include studies on gene expression in allophenic mice; the regulation of uridine 5-monophosphate synthesis in human diploid cells; the melanotic expression of embryonic pigment cells; and clonal cell lines of neurons. Other papers deal with biochemical genetics studies on mammalian cells in vitro; embryos from somatic plant cells; somatic cell hybrids as tools for genetic studies in man; and utilization of somatic cells for genetic analysis.
This book comprehensively summarizes the biological mechanisms of coloration and pattern formation of animals at molecular and cellular level, offering up-to-date knowledge derived from remarkable progress in the last 10 years. The brilliant coloration, conspicuous patterns and spectacular color changes displayed by some vertebrates and invertebrates are generally their strategies of the utmost importance for survival. Consists of mainly three parts, starts with introductory chapter, such as Pigments and Pigment Organelles, Developmental Genetics of Pigment Cell Formation, Adult Pigment Patterns, and Color Changes, this book introduces new pigment compounds in addition to classically known pigments and organelles, explains how the generation of multiple types of pigment cell is genetically controlled, describes the mechanisms underlying the zebrafish stripe formation as well as other animals and also summarizes the mechanism of physiological and morphological color changes of teleost, amphibian and cephalopod. Written by experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for graduate students and researchers in biological fields who are interested in pigmentation mechanisms of animals.
The Anolis lizards of the Caribbean are ideally suited for the study of evolutionary ecology. Offering fascinating insights into the more than 150 species dispersed throughout the Caribbean islands, Jonathan Roughgarden details the differences between species in a wide range of behavioral and physical characteristics, including foraging behaviors, body size, and habitat use, resulting from evolutionary divergences concurrent with the plate-tectonic origins of the region. This book will be of interest to students and researchers--ecology and theoretical, tropical, and population biology.
In the animal world, pigments and colour pigment patterns play an important role. Pigments in the epidermis offer protection against solar radiation, and the various colour patterns provide the animals with concealment, advertisement and disguise (Cott 1940). The study of pigment cells and colour patterns is a multidisciplinary research field which includes developmental biology (determination, differenti ation, migration), genetics (phenotypic gene expression, colour mutants), cell biology (ultrastructure, organelles, cell surface), biochemistry (enzymes, metabo lism), physiology (control of colour changes) and dermatology, as well as ecology and evolution. In the present study we investigate the development of two different amphibian larval pigment patterns. These patterns might serve as specific models for the arrangement of cells derived from the neural crest (NC), involving their migration, differentiation and interaction with each other and the embryonic environment. Because of the NC origin of pigment cells, we consider first some general aspects of NC development, before turning to pigment cells and specific problems in pigment pattern formation. The NC arises during neurulation, an early process in vertebrate embryoge nesis. In amphibians, the crest lies on top of the neural tube as a flat epithelial sheet or strand of cells (Detwiler 1937; Schroeder 1970; L6fberg and Ahlfors 1978; Spieth and Keller 1984). Here the term 'crest' is much more appropriate than in birds or mammals (Newgreen and Erickson 1986), where the crest cells start to migrate before a true crest has formed.
UV radiation is recognized as the major risk factor for skin can cer. For the last three decades the incidence and mortality of skin cancer have been increasing steadily in almost all parts of the world. Unfortunately, there have been very few advances in the management and treatment of skin cancer. In comparison to other malignant tumors, skin cancer offers the unique opportuni ty to identify this tumor at an early stage. Thus, there is strong interest in preventing death by early diagnosis and prompt treat ment. The proceedings of the International Congress on Skin Cancer and UV Radiation which was held in Bochum Germany in October 1996, reflect the newest scientific standards in the field of skin cancer. The conference in Bochum was a platform for leading scientists from all over the world to discuss the complexity and diversity of UV radiation in its interaction with the skin. Starting with basic science like physiology, immunology, and molecular biochemistry of the skin as influenced by UV radiati on, the book presents a profound survey into the field of skin can cer by focusing on the latest scientific results in prevention, early detection, treatment, and epidemiology. The congress in Bochum in 1996 was organized to provide a starting point for coordinated European strategies against skin cancer with internationally renown scientists.
The book Research on Melanoma: A Glimpse into Current Directions and Future Trends, is divided into sections to represent the most cutting-edge topics in melanoma from around the world. The emerging epigenetics of disease, novel therapeutics under development and the molecular signaling aberrations are explained in detail. Since there are a number of areas in which unknowns exist surrounding the complex development of melanoma and its response to therapy, this book illuminates and comprehensively discusses such aspects. It is relevant for teaching the novice researcher who wants to initiate projects in melanoma and the more senior researcher seeking to polish their existing knowledge in this area. Many chapters include visuals and illustrations designed to easily guide the reader through the ideas presented.
The genetic basis of morphological variation provides a major topic in evolutionary developmental biology. Fish of the genus Danio, containing the model species zebrafish, Danio rerio, represent a system to study pigment pattern diversification as they display amazingly different patterns ranging from horizontal stripes, to vertical bars or spots. Stripe formation in D. rerio is a self-organizing process based on cell-contact mediated interactions between melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores. Little is known about the genetic and cellular basis of pigment pattern formation and evolution in other Danio species. Genes known to be involved in stripe formation in D. rerio might have functionally diverged to produce a pattern of vertical bars in its sibling species, Danio aesculapii. In collaboration with my colleagues, I showed by mutant analysis that the same three pigment cell types are required for bar formation. Reciprocal hemizygosity tests with genes, which are known to be involved in interactions between the pigment cells in D. rerio, identified the potassium channel gene kcnj13, but not the gap junction genes, gja4 and gja5b, or the adhesion molecule gene igsf11 as diverged between the two species. Further complementation tests with eight additional Danio species suggested evolutionary change in pigment patterns through repeated and independent functional divergences in kcnj13, gja5b and igsf11 across the genus. Focusing on kcnj13, we used in vivo imaging of transgenic reporters, transplantation experiments and lineage tracing of pigment cell population in chimeras and found that the shapes of all three types of pigment cells are affected in the D. rerio mutants, although the gene function is only required in melanophores. These differences, similar to the ones in D. rerio mutants, were also partly observed between D. rerio and D. aesculapii, might therefore underlie the evolutionary change of the divergent patterns. Using molecular, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses we confirmed the homo-tetrameric structure of the channel, which explains the dominant phenotype of most known mutations. A transcriptome-wide allele-specific expression analysis indicated higher expression of the D. rerio allele in hybrids between the two species. Together with our findings that the protein from both species are able to rescue the stripe phenotype in transgenic rescue lines, this confirmed cis-regulatory evolution of kcnj13. Species-specific pigment cell interactions could be important factors contributing to the variation in pigment patterns. This work highlights the genetic complexity underlying the diversification of pigment patterning and shows that the evolutionary history of biodiversity can be reconstructed in Danio fish.