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Diffraction limits the resolution of far-field lithography and imaging to about half of the wavelength, which greatly limits the capability of optical techniques. The proposed technique with absorbance modulation aims to get around the diffraction limit by using wavelength-selective chemistry to confine light to nanoscale dimension. Absorbance modulation lithography and imaging is a near-field technique that does not require scanning of a tip in close proximity or fabrication of a physically small aperture. Near-field apertures are dynamically generated in the photochromic absorbance modulation layer (AML) with only far-field illuminations. In this thesis, the concept of absorbance modulation is explained and in-house simulation models are discussed in detail. One-dimensional experimental demonstrations of absorbance modulation lithography achieved line exposures with widths of about one tenth of the exposure wavelength. In order to extend absorbance modulation to two-dimension, a binary diffractive-optical element that generates a focused round spot at one wavelength, aligned with the central node of a ring-shaped spot at another wavelength was designed and fabricated. Lithography and imaging results applying this diffractive optical element showed evidence of point-spread function compression in lithography and contrast enhancement in imaging.
Metamaterials represent a new emerging innovative field of research which has shown rapid acceleration over the last couple of years. In this handbook, we present the richness of the field of metamaterials in its widest sense, describing artificial media with sub-wavelength structure for control over wave propagation in four volumes.Volume 1 focuses on the fundamentals of electromagnetic metamaterials in all their richness, including metasurfaces and hyperbolic metamaterials. Volume 2 widens the picture to include elastic, acoustic, and seismic systems, whereas Volume 3 presents nonlinear and active photonic metamaterials. Finally, Volume 4 includes recent progress in the field of nanoplasmonics, used extensively for the tailoring of the unit cell response of photonic metamaterials.In its totality, we hope that this handbook will be useful for a wide spectrum of readers, from students to active researchers in industry, as well as teachers of advanced courses on wave propagation.
Molecular Fluorescence This second edition of the well-established bestseller is completely updated and revised with approximately 30 % additional material, including two new chapters on applications, which has seen the most significant developments. The comprehensive overview written at an introductory level covers fundamental aspects, principles of instrumentation and practical applications, while providing many valuable tips. For photochemists and photophysicists, physical chemists, molecular physicists, biophysicists, biochemists and biologists, lecturers and students of chemistry, physics, and biology.