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This paper studies alternative certification schemes for organic products in order to draw conclusions regarding the institutional support and technological development required for compliance with organic standards. It discusses third party certification, for both individuals and farmer groups, as well as participatory certification. Case studies from developing countries and countries in transition engaged in organic rice and organic fruit and vegetable production are examined. Issues analysed include the organizational structure and marketing strategies in the organic supply chain. The paper also discusses the institutional development that is needed to provide business and technical services and establish the quality assurance system. Organizational, managerial and business skills required by the lead stakeholders in the organic chain are analysed as well as the costs that they incur for effectively managing organic projects. Similarly, the managerial skills required at the farm level are considered as is the use of cost-benefit analysis. The paper also reviews the legal and institutional framework that facilitates organic production and certification. The paper is aimed at staff of government, private and non-government organizations working at the policy level and in the field, and at donors' organizations that support organic production and certification.
In this book David Carter explains how the USDA relies on a variety of intermediaries to regulate organic food in the U.S. Only by accounting for the contributions of such arbitrators, Carter demonstrates, can one understand and credibly assess policies governing the fastest growing agriculture sector in the country.
Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other products. Certification of any product acknowledges that its production has been done according to organic production standards. The production standards vary from country to country, based on their certifying bodies, but the general concept remain the same. Marketing strategies are based on the needs of the business. Planning of market strategy for organic farming in India requires a clear understanding of the present conditions of the industry. Strategies are based on selection of product, type of market, recognition of consumer needs, industry characteristics, price, marketing channels and promotional strategies. In the Indian context, the absence of a stable domestic market for organic food makes it necessary to concentrate on market confirmation/establishment. It is thereby essential to understand the present situation of the market, its preferences, competition, replacements and entry barriers among other issues.
Workplace safety and environmental sustainability can be promoted by agreed standards, certification and labelling. This publication contains 22 case studies on the impact of standards and certification programmes for cash crops in developing countries, including organic agriculture, fair-trade labelling, "Social Accountability 8000", the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Programme, the Ethical Trading Initiative, ISO-14001 and EurepGap. It examines the origins, scope and certification systems of these initiatives, as well as stakeholder involvement, the standard-setting process, verification methods, the relationship with the World Trade Organization agreements and the potential role of governments.