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Space capabilities are a prominent element within the collection of global advantages the United States enjoys today. Space is one of the "commons," along with the sea and cyberspace, that constitute the triad of capabilities on which America's global power rests. But several ominous trends now compel a reassessment of the current business model for meeting the nation's needs for military space capabilities. While the existing model has served the nation well, a new business model is at hand and can now be readily grasped to propel us into the future. Trends compelling this reassessment include: falling barriers to competitive entry into the commons of space, an increasing dependency on space capabilities, and emerging vulnerabilities in current space systems. In addition, there are systemic issues emerging across the spectrum that require a reexamination of how the nation acquires these precious assets. Such issues include: the fact that important space programs are in trouble for reasons either financial or technical; the growing need to recapitalize space capabilities; decreasing industrial base viability; reduced science and technology funding; and the need to develop space professionals. The current business model for space is unable to support, by itself, the combined weight of these accumulating pressures.
Defense Space Activities: DOD Needs to Further Clarify the Operationally Responsive Space Concept and Plan to Integrate and Support Future Satellites
Challenges in global political affairs have placed increasing demands on the way the United States uses space capabilities to achieve national security objectives. The recent National Security Presidential Directive-49 (NSPD-49) on National Space Policy, dated August 31, 2006, reaffirms the United States commitment to certain key principles in the areas of space law and policy for guiding the conduct of space activities. Implementing courses of action to achieve the goals and objectives associated with these principles will require increasing situational awareness and adaptability to the threat, as well as an ability to evolve the total suite of space capabilities to address emerging threats in new ways. The DoD Executive Agent for Space and the Commander USSTRATCOM have engaged key stakeholders in the National Security Space community to respond to Congress by setting forth a plan for the acquisition of capabilities for Operationally Responsive Space (ORS). The Department of Defense is committed to improving the Nation's means to develop, acquire, field and employ space capabilities in shortened timeframes and more affordable ways. We recognize the need for innovation and responsiveness in delivering space capabilities to all users. This plan outlines our way ahead to establish the essential infrastructure to focus ORS efforts to evolve space capabilities across the National Security Space Enterprise. This report was developed pursuant to Section 913(c) of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (P.L. 109-364).
The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent agency that works for Congress. The GAO watches over Congress, and investigates how the federal government spends taxpayers dollars. The Comptroller General of the United States is the leader of the GAO, and is appointed to a 15-year term by the U.S. President. The GAO wants to support Congress, while at the same time doing right by the citizens of the United States. They audit, investigate, perform analyses, issue legal decisions and report anything that the government is doing. This is one of their reports.
The United States Space Situational Awareness capability continues to be a key element in obtaining and maintaining the high ground in space. Space Situational Awareness satellites are critical enablers for integrated air, ground and sea operations, and play an essential role in fighting and winning conflicts. The United States leads the world space community in spacecraft payload systems from the component level into spacecraft, and in the development of constellations of spacecraft. The United States? position is founded upon continued government investment in research and development in space technology [1], which is clearly reflected in the Space Situational Awareness capabilities and the longevity of these missions. In the area of launch systems that support Space Situational Awareness, despite the recent development of small launch vehicles, the United States launch capability is dominated by an old, unresponsive and relatively expensive set of launchers [1] in the Expandable, Expendable Launch Vehicles (EELV) platforms; Delta IV and Atlas V. The EELV systems require an average of six to eight months from positioning on the launch table until liftoff [3]. Access to space requires maintaining a robust space transportation capability, founded on a rigorous industrial and technology base. The downturn of commercial space launch service use has undermined, for the time being, the ability of industry to recoup its significant investment in current launch systems. This has effectively precluded industry from sustaining a balanced robust industrial and technology base to sufficiently meet all United States Government spacelift needs [2]. The reduction of resources to the Department of Defense and the Air Force, coupled by the long launch preparation periods have further resulted in less operationally responsive spacelift capability from new launch systems.
Tactical space support has earned a reputation as unresponsive and the Operationally Responsive Space Office was created in 2007 to address this for the military. The intent of this course project is to use an educational research approach to develop a future architecture that will make space responsive in 2025. This paper evaluates the shortcomings that hinder quick and effective space-based support to the U.S. Military and Intelligence Community. The current space community is fragmented, preventing quick, unified decisions, and does not have the executive clout necessary to lead effectively. Our group's solution creates a Department of Space at the cabinet level. The Department of Space will unify the space community, promoting quicker decisions with one common and consistent vision. This change would enable unified plans and policies as well as allow one organization to prioritize all of the space programs. The responsive culture would facilitate other needed changes to Space Operations, Launch, and Acquisition.
The capability to rapidly deploy tactical satellites to meet a Joint Force Commander's immediate battlespace requirements is a well-documented joint capability need. Key U.S. strategic documentation cites the need for the capability to maintain persistent surveillance or an "unblinking eye" over battlespace and to rapidly reconstitute critical space capabilities to preserve situational awareness. The warfighter requires a tactical space-based deployment capability which employs a request to launch and operational deployment window of 90 to 120 days. This master's thesis executed two (2) major areas of work: apply, and reinforce the Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) mission tasks using the Joint Capabilities Integration Development System (JCIDS) process; then based on capability gap data generated from the process, analyze and define the capability gap of an ORS Adaptive Integration, Test and Logistics (IT & L) process for payload to bus deployment to meet the identified time scales. This document recommends engineering solutions and processes for the ORS IT & L "to-be" state for this warfighter capability. The ORS adaptive IT & L CONOPS developed as part of this work focuses on the Tactical Satellite Rapid Deployment System (TSRDS), which is an adaptive integration, test and logistics capability that enables rapid and effective payload to bus integration to meet a 90- to 120-day warfighter window.