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Duplicate electric-power installations consisting of transmission, substation, and distribution equipment were constructed in areas 4700 and 10,500 ft from Ground Zero (GZ) for use in Project 35.1 in the Apple II shot. The test was made to determine the median survival range of the electric equipment the extent of damage and the nature of the repairs required to restore disrupted service; and the ability of electric systems, in comparison to industrial plants and the residential communities they serve, to withstand the effects of an atomic explosion. The damage was confined to the transmission and distribution circuits at the 4700-ft area and was of such a nature that the equipment could have been easily and quickly repaired. In the same area, typical homes were completely destroyed.
Typical natural and manufactured gas industry piping, underground and above-ground equipment, and appliances in buildings were installed in accordance with current industry practice at various distances from the base of a 500-ft tower at the top of which was exploded a device with a yield approximately 50% greater than nominal (a nominal atomic bomb has an energy relese equivalent to 20 kt of TNT). The distance were and teh installations were duplicated to produce varying degrees of damage. Underground installations were practically undamaged with the exception that ventilator pipes from a vault at 1470 ft were sheared off at ground level. Service piping, regulators and meters to buildings, and hosue piping in buildings were undamaged. Appliances in buildings were practically undamaged, and operative, with the exception of those in two houses which were either badly damaged or inaccessible due to collapse of the houses.
Atomic-blast exposure tests on commercial communications equipment were conducted during Operation Teapot, Apple II shot. These tests were made to provide civil defense planners with data for qualitative predictions of the probable survival range, the extent of damage, and nature of repairs required to restore communication service after a blast. Approximately 150 widely diversified units of commuications equipment (mainly electronic, but including sirens) were exposed. Exposed items were in or near groups of structures located at approximately 4700 and 10,500 feet from ground zero. Where possible, identical products were exposed at these two locations, so that one set of items would be subjected to moderately severe damage and the other set to light damage. Tests showed that commercial communications equipment was generally more resistant to nuclear explosion damage than the structures in and near which the products were exposed.
The purpose of Project 39.3 was to measure the thermal flux per unit area at a series of specified distances from a nuclear detonation. The instrumentation chosen was an Eppley thermopile indicating on a strip-chart paper recorder. Two stations failed to yield results because of power failures and blast damage. Results were obtained at 5500, 6800, 10,500 ft. These results follow the inverse-square-law fall-off, within the limits of reasonable experimental error.
To determine the durability of heavy-duty machine tools, 11 such tools of various types and sizes were exposed to the open shot of Operation Teapot. Two engine lathes and two knee type milling machines were installed on a concrete base simulating industrial installations at 2750 ft from Ground Zero. One 200-ton hydraulic press was installed immediately behind a two-story brick dwelling at 4700 ft from Ground Zero. Two vertical milling machines, two pressure vessels, and two drying ovens were placed in typical industrial buildings (Butler and Armco) at 6800 ft from Ground Zero. Positioning and anchoring of machines were varied to induce damage from breakage and flying debris. Also exposed to the blast were basic lubricating oils for machine tools. Damage was understandably the most severe at the 2750-ft station and was minor at the 4700- and 6800-ft stations. Only one machine was completely demolished, and it was discovered in a postshot inspection that the machine's subbase had been broken prior to the blast. Flying debris, not blast, created the major damage to the machines. Vulnerability of machines to damage appears to exist in the failure of fragile external parts; and even though none of the 11 pieces used in the test was large enough to be rated as a heavy-duty machine tool, the major castings and forgings were not damaged. The lubricants appeared to suffer no damage under the conditions of the test.