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Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multifactorial disease that is often associated with progressive retinopathy and visual loss. In this book, Drs. Scott, Flynn, and Smiddy have compiled the current basic science and clinical information from leading authorities on diabetic eye disease. They have also included the results of clinical trials in patients with diabetic retinopathy, as well as the guidelines established by collaborative studies and the concepts of disease mechanisms and clinical management that have subsequently evolved from those guidelines. This monograph will provide practitioners with a concise, up-to-date, practical reference for the diagnosis and management of ocular disease in diabetic patients.
The field of antibody engineering has become a vital and integral part of making new, improved next generation therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, of which there are currently more than 300 in clinical trials across several therapeutic areas. Therapeutic antibody engineering examines all aspects of engineering monoclonal antibodies and analyses the effect that various genetic engineering approaches will have on future candidates. Chapters in the first part of the book provide an introduction to monoclonal antibodies, their discovery and development and the fundamental technologies used in their production. Following chapters cover a number of specific issues relating to different aspects of antibody engineering, including variable chain engineering, targets and mechanisms of action, classes of antibody and the use of antibody fragments, among many other topics. The last part of the book examines development issues, the interaction of human IgGs with non-human systems, and cell line development, before a conclusion looking at future issues affecting the field of therapeutic antibody engineering. - Goes beyond the standard engineering issues covered by most books and delves into structure-function relationships - Integration of knowledge across all areas of antibody engineering, development, and marketing - Discusses how current and future genetic engineering of cell lines will pave the way for much higher productivity
Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect provides a set of perspectives written in essay form from eminent contributors, covering the major developments in psychiatry over the last 40 years.
This book presents a contemporary review of the field of Pain Therapeutics, including the historical medicines which still dominate standard of care treatments, as well as the new mechanisms and combinations/reformulations that have dominated the regulatory approvals over the last decade. In addition this book provides a deep review of the key biological mechanisms currently under investigation for their utility into the treatment of pain, such as ion channels, opiates and others. Additional discussion highlights the current challenges of pain research, covering a range of topics from difficulties in identifying new targets from pre-clinical models to the current regulatory and commercial challenges. This background sets the scene for recent scientific changes in pain research, such as the drive for genetic validation of targets and the derivation of human cell platforms from stem cells. Finally the book covers the discovery and development stories for two pain products approved in the last decade. These case studies for Lyrica and the Butrans patch, give insight into the discovery and development challenges and successes for both an oral and non-oral product.
Advances in Cancer Research, volume 153 provides a timely review of the biology, biochemistry, and current approaches to therapeutically target the RAS oncoprotein, the most frequently mutated oncogene family in human cancers. 2021 saw the approval of the first direct RAS inhibitor (sotorasib) for use in treating non-small cell lung cancers harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations. The successful approval and use of this drug highlights that the once "undruggable RAS is indeed pharmacologically tractable. This volume provides an overview of efforts to develop additional approaches to therapeutically target oncogenic RAS. In addition, the reader will find excellent reviews on the history and research efforts to understand the biochemistry and oncogenic activity of RAS in human cancers. - Overview of the history and development of efforts to pharmacologically inhibit RAS. - Discussion of the biochemistry and biology of different RAS mutant proteins and how this might be effectively leveraged in the development of anti-RAS therapies. - Up-to-date reviews of the cutting-edge approaches to develop new anti-RAS pharmacologics.
Historically, the first observation of a transmissible lytic agent that is specifically active against a bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was by a Russian microbiologist Nikolay Gamaleya in 1898. At that time, however, it was too early to make a connection to another discovery made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 and Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 on a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants. Thus the viral world was discovered in two of the three domains of life, and our current understanding is that viruses represent the most abundant biological entities on the planet. The potential of bacteriophages for infection treatment have been recognized after the discoveries by Frederick Twort and Felix d’Hérelle in 1915 and 1917. Subsequent phage therapy developments, however, have been overshadowed by the remarkable success of antibiotics in infection control and treatment, and phage therapy research and development persisted mostly in the former Soviet Union countries, Russia and Georgia, as well as in France and Poland. The dramatic rise of antibiotic resistance and especially of multi-drug resistance among human and animal bacterial pathogens, however, challenged the position of antibiotics as a single most important pillar for infection control and treatment. Thus there is a renewed interest in phage therapy as a possible additive/alternative therapy, especially for the infections that resist routine antibiotic treatment. The basis for the revival of phage therapy is affected by a number of issues that need to be resolved before it can enter the arena, which is traditionally reserved for antibiotics. Probably the most important is the regulatory issue: How should phage therapy be regulated? Similarly to drugs? Then the co-evolving nature of phage-bacterial host relationship will be a major hurdle for the production of consistent phage formulae. Or should we resort to the phage products such as lysins and the corresponding engineered versions in order to have accurate and consistent delivery doses? We still have very limited knowledge about the pharmacodynamics of phage therapy. More data, obtained in animal models, are necessary to evaluate the phage therapy efficiency compared, for example, to antibiotics. Another aspect is the safety of phage therapy. How do phages interact with the immune system and to what costs, or benefits? What are the risks, in the course of phage therapy, of transduction of undesirable properties such as virulence or antibiotic resistance genes? How frequent is the development of bacterial host resistance during phage therapy? Understanding these and many other aspects of phage therapy, basic and applied, is the main subject of this Topic.
Perspectives on Occupational Therapy Education: Past, Present, and Future outlines a path forward for occupational therapy educators, incorporating the impact of historical context, contemporary issues and trends, and international viewpoints on the development of the profession. With this mission in mind, Drs. Steven D. Taff, Lenin C. Grajo, and Barbara R. Hooper offer helpful tips, practical tools, and fresh insights to support current and future educators in developing their teaching philosophies and pedagogies.
In 1996, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its report Telemedicine: A Guide to Assessing Telecommunications for Health Care. In that report, the IOM Committee on Evaluating Clinical Applications of Telemedicine found telemedicine is similar in most respects to other technologies for which better evidence of effectiveness is also being demanded. Telemedicine, however, has some special characteristics-shared with information technologies generally-that warrant particular notice from evaluators and decision makers. Since that time, attention to telehealth has continued to grow in both the public and private sectors. Peer-reviewed journals and professional societies are devoted to telehealth, the federal government provides grant funding to promote the use of telehealth, and the private technology industry continues to develop new applications for telehealth. However, barriers remain to the use of telehealth modalities, including issues related to reimbursement, licensure, workforce, and costs. Also, some areas of telehealth have developed a stronger evidence base than others. The Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) sponsored the IOM in holding a workshop in Washington, DC, on August 8-9 2012, to examine how the use of telehealth technology can fit into the U.S. health care system. HRSA asked the IOM to focus on the potential for telehealth to serve geographically isolated individuals and extend the reach of scarce resources while also emphasizing the quality and value in the delivery of health care services. This workshop summary discusses the evolution of telehealth since 1996, including the increasing role of the private sector, policies that have promoted or delayed the use of telehealth, and consumer acceptance of telehealth. The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment: Workshop Summary discusses the current evidence base for telehealth, including available data and gaps in data; discuss how technological developments, including mobile telehealth, electronic intensive care units, remote monitoring, social networking, and wearable devices, in conjunction with the push for electronic health records, is changing the delivery of health care in rural and urban environments. This report also summarizes actions that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) can undertake to further the use of telehealth to improve health care outcomes while controlling costs in the current health care environment.
This dense study conducted by Prof. Dr. Mike K.S. Chan and Prof. Dr. Michelle B.F. Wong, with the support of a professional team of researchers, highlights how important is to delve deeper into the study of the thymus gland which plays a crucial role in immune system health. As we read in the forewords the topics presented are the results of a collaboration between experts coming from various fields such as immunology, gerontology, regenerative medicine, and clinical practice. This comprehensive book can strengthen the communication and collaboration among these disciplines, fostering a more holistic approach to addressing age-related health challenges. Bioregenerative medicine in general, and Thymic regeneration therapies are an important part of the daily medical practice. THYMUS THERAPY represents a pivotal study and another scientific milestone that puts once again Prof. Chan and his Team at the forefront worldwide. Prof. Dato Sri Dr. Mike K.S. Chan, is a pioneer of Cellular, Organo and Cell Membrane Therapies in Europe and Asia since the early 1980’s. He founded one of the world’s largest research groups of Bio-Molecular Medicine based in Switzerland and Germany with a global presence in almost eighty countries. He has conducted more than 1,000 lectures, seminars, and symposiums worldwide in the fields of antiaging, cell regeneration, bio-regenerative medicine, and stemcell therapies. Author & co-author of numerous books and articles in the fields of cell therapy, immunology, bio-regenerative sciences, nutrition, and innovator of cellular based nutraceuticals & cosmeceuticals, Prof. Mike Chan is also the founder of European Wellness Biomedical Group—an International chain of research and treatment facilities (European Wellness Centers & Retreats) involved in anti-aging, longevity and education (European Wellness Academy). He chairs and also sits on board on numerous prominent antiaging and cell therapy associations of the world. Prof. Dato Sri Dr. Michelle Wong Bi Fah, ND, PhD is a scientist, researcher and educator actively involved in research and development (R&D) work on stem cells focusing on Fetal Precursor Stem-Cell Therapy. She is the Co-Founder/Senior Technical Advisor and Researcher in FCTI Inc., specialising in Stem cell Research and Bio-Regenerative Medicine for more than three decades. A prominent speaker, Michelle Wong presents at educational programs and global conferences on stem cells, cell therapy and biological medicine for physicians and healthcare practitioners worldwide.